C++实现LeetCode(43.字符串相乘)

[LeetCode] 43. Multiply Strings 字符串相乘

Given two non-negative integers num1 and num2represented as strings, return the product of num1 and num2, also represented as a string.

Example 1:

Input: num1 = "2", num2 = "3"
Output: "6"

Example 2:

Input: num1 = "123", num2 = "456"
Output: "56088"

Note:

  1. The length of both num1 and num2 is < 110.
  2. Both num1 and num2 contain only digits 0-9.
  3. Both num1 and num2 do not contain any leading zero, except the number 0 itself.
  4. You must not use any built-in BigInteger libraryor convert the inputs to integer directly.

这道题让我们求两个字符串数字的相乘,输入的两个数和返回的数都是以字符串格式储存的,这样做的原因可能是这样可以计算超大数相乘,可以不受 int 或 long 的数值范围的约束,那么该如何来计算乘法呢,小时候都学过多位数的乘法过程,都是每位相乘然后错位相加,那么这里就是用到这种方法,举个例子,比如 89 x 76,那么根据小学的算术知识,不难写出计算过程如下:

8 9  <- num2

    7 6  <- num1

-------

    5 4

  4 8

  6 3

5 6

-------

如果自己再写些例子出来,不难发现,两数相乘得到的乘积的长度其实其实不会超过两个数字的长度之和,若 num1 长度为m,num2 长度为n,则 num1 x num2 的长度不会超过 m+n,还有就是要明白乘的时候为什么要错位,比如6乘8得到的 48 为啥要跟6乘9得到的 54 错位相加,因为8是十位上的数字,其本身相当于80,所以错开的一位实际上末尾需要补的0。还有一点需要观察出来的就是,num1 和 num2 中任意位置的两个数字相乘,得到的两位数在最终结果中的位置是确定的,比如 num1 中位置为i的数字乘以 num2 中位置为j的数字,那么得到的两位数字的位置为 i+j 和 i+j+1,明白了这些后,就可以进行错位相加了,累加出最终的结果。

由于要从个位上开始相乘,所以从 num1 和 num2 字符串的尾部开始往前遍历,分别提取出对应位置上的字符,将其转为整型后相乘。然后确定相乘后的两位数所在的位置 p1 和 p2,由于 p2 相较于 p1 是低位,所以将得到的两位数 mul 先加到 p2 位置上去,这样可能会导致 p2 位上的数字大于9,所以将十位上的数字要加到高位 p1 上去,只将余数留在 p2 位置,这样每个位上的数字都变成一位。然后要做的是从高位开始,将数字存入结果 res 中,记住 leading zeros 要跳过,最后处理下 corner case,即若结果 res 为空,则返回 "0",否则返回结果 res,代码如下:

class Solution {
public:
    string multiply(string num1, string num2) {
        string res = "";
        int m = num1.size(), n = num2.size();
        vector<int> vals(m + n);
        for (int i = m - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
            for (int j = n - 1; j >= 0; --j) {
                int mul = (num1[i] - '0') * (num2[j] - '0');
                int p1 = i + j, p2 = i + j + 1, sum = mul + vals[p2];
                vals[p1] += sum / 10;
                vals[p2] = sum % 10;
            }
        }
        for (int val : vals) {
            if (!res.empty() || val != 0) res.push_back(val + '0');
        }
        return res.empty() ? "0" : res;
    }
};

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