Spring Native项目实战(体验79毫秒启动springboot应用)
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关于Spring Native
- Spring官方博客于2021年03月11日宣布Spring Native的beta版本发布,借助Spring Native可以将spring应用与GraalVM集成到native image中;
- native image是GraalVM的一项技术,会将java应用的字节码编译成可执行文件,还会与JDK的本地库做静态链接,运行应用时无需Java虚拟机,自身已集成了内存管理,线程调度等能力,更多信息请参考:https://www.graalvm.org/reference-manual/native-image/
- 本文以实战为主,因此不会用太多篇幅介绍Spring Native的理论和优势,这里简单小结几个重要特性:
- 应用启动速度不超过100毫秒;
- 启动即达到性能峰值(C1、C2等手段已经用不上了)
- 运行时更低的内存消耗;
- docker镜像不含JDK(所需文件已经抽取出来放入镜像),官方展示的含有Spring Boot, Spring MVC, Jackson, Tomcat的镜像大小是50M;
- 为了达到前面的效果,代价是构建时间更长;
Spring Native到底是什么
个人的理解:Spring Native是Spring提供的、制作native image的技术方案,涉及到以下关键技术:
- Spring ahead-of-time (AOT) 插件,对spring应用做AOT处理,使得传统虚拟机的class lazy loading在不复存在;
- spring-boot-maven-plugin插件在构建docker镜像的时候,使用了名为dmikusa/graalvm-tiny的镜像作为构建工具,这个工具负责将当前工程的构建结果和GraalVM集成在一起,最终制作成native image;
本篇概览
作为实战风格的文章,本篇主要内容是开发springboot应用再构建为native image,然后验证其功能和效果,本文由以下内容构成:
- 环境信息
- 新建名为spring-native-tutorials的maven父工程,对实战用到的依赖库、插件等做统一配置;
- 新建名为webmvc的maven子工程,这是个springboot应用;
- 将webmvc构建为native image,这是个docker镜像;
- 在docker中启动镜像,验证是否可用,并检查相关相关指标;
环境信息
本次实战相关的环境信息如下:
- 电脑:MacBook pro 13寸 2018
- 操作系统:macOS Big Sur 11.2.3
- IDE:IntelliJ IDEA 2018.3.5 (Ultimate Edition)
- docker:20.10.5
- JDK:1.8.0_211
- maven:3.6.0
- springboot:2.5.0-SNAPSHOT
- spring-aot-maven-plugin:0.10.0-SNAPSHOT
源码下载 本篇实战中的完整源码可在GitHub下载到,地址和链接信息如下表所示(https://github.com/zq2599/blog_demos):
名称 | 链接 | 备注 |
---|---|---|
项目主页 | https://github.com/zq2599/blog_demos | 该项目在GitHub上的主页 |
git仓库地址(https) | https://github.com/zq2599/blog_demos.git | 该项目源码的仓库地址,https协议 |
git仓库地址(ssh) | git@github.com:zq2599/blog_demos.git | 该项目源码的仓库地址,ssh协议 |
这个git项目中有多个文件夹,本次实战的源码在spring-native-tutorials文件夹下,如下图红框所示:
新建名为spring-native-tutorials的maven父工程
- 对Spring Native的学习不是写出helloworld就完事,因此这里先创建一个父工程,为今后所有的应用提供统一的依赖库、插件管理;
- 新建名为spring-native-tutorials的maven父工程,pom.xml内容如下,有几处要注意的地方稍后提到:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <modules> <module>webmvc</module> </modules> <parent> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId> <version>2.5.0-SNAPSHOT</version> <relativePath/> </parent> <groupId>com.bolingcavalry</groupId> <artifactId>spring-native-tutorials</artifactId> <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version> <packaging>pom</packaging> <properties> <java.version>1.8</java.version> <!-- springboot生成jar文件的文件名后缀,用来避免Spring Boot repackaging和native-image-maven-plugin插件之间可能存在的冲突 --> <classifier/> <!-- 构建镜像时的定制参数 --> <native.build.args/> <!-- 指定使用dmikusa/graalvm-tiny这个镜像作为构建工具,来构建镜像 --> <builder>dmikusa/graalvm-tiny</builder> <!-- spring cloud版本 --> <spring-cloud.version>2020.0.2</spring-cloud.version> </properties> <!-- 插件管理 --> <pluginRepositories> <pluginRepository> <id>spring-release</id> <name>Spring release</name> <url>https://repo.spring.io/release</url> <snapshots> <enabled>false</enabled> </snapshots> </pluginRepository> <pluginRepository> <id>spring-milestone</id> <name>Spring milestone</name> <url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url> <snapshots> <enabled>false</enabled> </snapshots> </pluginRepository> <pluginRepository> <id>spring-snapshot</id> <name>Spring Snapshots</name> <url>https://repo.spring.io/snapshot</url> <releases> <enabled>false</enabled> </releases> </pluginRepository> </pluginRepositories> <!--仓库管理--> <repositories> <repository> <id>spring-release</id> <name>Spring release</name> <url>https://repo.spring.io/release</url> <snapshots> <enabled>false</enabled> </snapshots> </repository> <repository> <id>spring-milestone</id> <name>Spring milestone</name> <url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url> <snapshots> <enabled>false</enabled> </snapshots> </repository> <repository> <id>spring-snapshot</id> <name>Spring Snapshots</name> <url>https://repo.spring.io/snapshot</url> <releases> <enabled>false</enabled> </releases> </repository> </repositories> <!--依赖包版本管理--> <dependencyManagement> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId> <artifactId>spring-native</artifactId> <version>0.10.0-SNAPSHOT</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId> <version>${spring-cloud.version}</version> <type>pom</type> <scope>import</scope> </dependency> </dependencies> </dependencyManagement> <!--插件配置--> <build> <pluginManagement> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> <configuration> <classifier>${classifier}</classifier> <image> <builder>${builder}</builder> <env> <BP_NATIVE_IMAGE>true</BP_NATIVE_IMAGE> <BP_NATIVE_IMAGE_BUILD_ARGUMENTS>${native.build.args}</BP_NATIVE_IMAGE_BUILD_ARGUMENTS> </env> <!--执行构建任务的镜像,如果在当前环境不存在才会远程下载--> <pullPolicy>IF_NOT_PRESENT</pullPolicy> </image> </configuration> </plugin> <!-- aot插件,ahead-of-time transformations --> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId> <artifactId>spring-aot-maven-plugin</artifactId> <version>0.10.0-SNAPSHOT</version> <executions> <execution> <id>test-generate</id> <goals> <goal>test-generate</goal> </goals> </execution> <execution> <id>generate</id> <goals> <goal>generate</goal> </goals> </execution> </executions> </plugin> </plugins> </pluginManagement> </build> </project>
上述pom.xml有以下几处需要注意:
- 插件仓库、依赖库仓库、依赖库版本的配置都集中在这里;
- 配置好spring-aot-maven-plugin和spring-boot-maven-plugin这两个插件,子工程会用到;
- spring-boot-maven-plugin插件制作docker镜像的时候,又会用到dmikusa/graalvm-tiny镜像,这才是真正构建native image的工具;
新建springboot类型的maven子工程
新建名为webmvc的子工程,pom.xml内容如下,可见内容很简单,就是常规依赖库和父工程配置的两个插件,一个负责执行AOT,一个负责构建镜像:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <parent> <artifactId>spring-native-tutorials</artifactId> <groupId>com.bolingcavalry</groupId> <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version> </parent> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <artifactId>webmvc</artifactId> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId> <artifactId>spring-native</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> <exclusions> <exclusion> <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.embed</groupId> <artifactId>tomcat-embed-core</artifactId> </exclusion> <exclusion> <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.embed</groupId> <artifactId>tomcat-embed-websocket</artifactId> </exclusion> </exclusions> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.experimental</groupId> <artifactId>tomcat-embed-programmatic</artifactId> <version>${tomcat.version}</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> </dependencies> <build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId> <artifactId>spring-aot-maven-plugin</artifactId> <configuration> <removeSpelSupport>true</removeSpelSupport> </configuration> </plugin> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> </plugin> </plugins> </build> </project>
代码很简单,一个普通的springboot应用,带http接口:
package com.bolingcavalry.webmvc; import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication; import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseStatus; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; import java.time.LocalDateTime; @SpringBootApplication @RestController public class WebmvcApplication { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(WebmvcApplication.class, args); } @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.ACCEPTED) @GetMapping("/status") public String status() { return "status"; } @GetMapping("/") public String hello() { return "1. Hello from Spring MVC and Tomcat, " + LocalDateTime.now(); } }
现在编码已完成,来构建docker镜像吧,进入父工程的pom.xml所在目录,执行以下命令:
mvn clean -U -DskipTests spring-boot:build-image
构建成功后输出信息如下(篇幅所限仅截取最后一小段),耗时4分25秒,期间笔记本风扇狂转:
..
[INFO] Successfully built image 'docker.io/library/webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT'
[INFO]
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Reactor Summary for spring-native-tutorials 1.0-SNAPSHOT:
[INFO]
[INFO] spring-native-tutorials ............................ SUCCESS [ 1.786 s]
[INFO] webmvc ............................................. SUCCESS [04:19 min]
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time: 04:25 min
[INFO] Finished at: 2021-05-22T16:36:44+08:00
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[WARNING] The requested profile "nexus" could not be activated because it does not exist.
执行docker images命令,如下图,可见镜像已经生成:
查看镜像构成,可见每个layer都不大,共计七十多M:
(base) zhaoqindeMBP:~ zhaoqin$ docker history webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT IMAGE CREATED CREATED BY SIZE COMMENT b8ff54813ae0 41 years ago 69B <missing> 41 years ago 452kB <missing> 41 years ago 2.51MB <missing> 41 years ago 57.2MB <missing> 41 years ago 1.4MB <missing> 41 years ago 268B <missing> 41 years ago 17.3MB
镜像构建成功,可以验证基本功能了;
验证
执行以下命令,创建一个临时容器(控制台结束后容器会被清理掉):
docker run --rm -p 8080:8080 webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT
控制台输出如下,79毫秒启动完成,真是一眨间的功夫:
(base) zhaoqindeMBP:~ zhaoqin$ docker run --rm -p 8080:8080 webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT 2021-05-22 09:34:57.578 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.nativex.NativeListener : This application is bootstrapped with code generated with Spring AOT . ____ _ __ _ _ /\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \ \ \ \ ( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \ \\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) ) ' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / / =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/ :: Spring Boot :: (v2.5.0-SNAPSHOT) 2021-05-22 09:34:57.586 INFO 1 --- [ main] c.b.webmvc.WebmvcApplication : Starting WebmvcApplication using Java 1.8.0_292 on 3529ec458896 with PID 1 (/workspace/com.bolingcavalry.webmvc.WebmvcApplication started by cnb in /workspace) 2021-05-22 09:34:57.586 INFO 1 --- [ main] c.b.webmvc.WebmvcApplication : No active profile set, falling back to default profiles: default 2021-05-22 09:34:57.661 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer : Tomcat initialized with port(s): 8080 (http) May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol init INFO: Initializing ProtocolHandler ["http-nio-8080"] May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService startInternal INFO: Starting service [Tomcat] May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine startInternal INFO: Starting Servlet engine: [Apache Tomcat/9.0.46] May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationContext log INFO: Initializing Spring embedded WebApplicationContext 2021-05-22 09:34:57.669 INFO 1 --- [ main] w.s.c.ServletWebServerApplicationContext : Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in 79 ms May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol start INFO: Starting ProtocolHandler ["http-nio-8080"] 2021-05-22 09:34:57.713 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer : Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http) with context path '' 2021-05-22 09:34:57.713 INFO 1 --- [ main] c.b.webmvc.WebmvcApplication : Started WebmvcApplication in 0.178 seconds (JVM running for 0.19) 2021-05-22 09:34:57.713 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.b.a.ApplicationAvailabilityBean : Application availability state LivenessState changed to CORRECT 2021-05-22 09:34:57.714 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.b.a.ApplicationAvailabilityBean : Application availability state ReadinessState changed to ACCEPTING_TRAFFIC
浏览器访问本机8080端口,如下图,应用基本功能正常:
再看看资源使用情况,命令是docker stats,如下可见,内存仅用了30M:
CONTAINER ID NAME CPU % MEM USAGE / LIMIT MEM % NET I/O BLOCK I/O PIDS 6ce6c66fb4de jovial_hertz 0.11% 30.69MiB / 3.844GiB 0.78% 1.49kB / 158B 4.31MB / 0B 18
我曾经在hub.docker.com上放了一个传统springboot应用制作的镜像bolingcavalry/hellojib:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT,现在拿来和Spring Native镜像对比一下,启动信息如下,耗时2036毫秒:
(base) zhaoqindeMacBook-Pro:~ zhaoqin$ docker run --rm -P docker.io/bolingcavalry/hellojib:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT . ____ _ __ _ _ /\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \ \ \ \ ( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \ \\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) ) ' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / / =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/ :: Spring Boot :: (v2.1.6.RELEASE) 2021-05-22 11:13:28.121 INFO 1 --- [ main] c.b.hellojib.HellojibApplication : Starting HellojibApplication on ffb32e5b68b9 with PID 1 (/app/classes started by root in /) 2021-05-22 11:13:28.128 INFO 1 --- [ main] c.b.hellojib.HellojibApplication : No active profile set, falling back to default profiles: default 2021-05-22 11:13:30.000 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer : Tomcat initialized with port(s): 8080 (http) 2021-05-22 11:13:30.054 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.apache.catalina.core.StandardService : Starting service [Tomcat] 2021-05-22 11:13:30.054 INFO 1 --- [ main] org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine : Starting Servlet engine: [Apache Tomcat/9.0.21] 2021-05-22 11:13:30.241 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.a.c.c.C.[Tomcat].[localhost].[/] : Initializing Spring embedded WebApplicationContext 2021-05-22 11:13:30.241 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.web.context.ContextLoader : Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in 2036 ms 2021-05-22 11:13:30.715 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.s.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskExecutor : Initializing ExecutorService 'applicationTaskExecutor' 2021-05-22 11:13:31.103 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer : Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http) with context path '' 2021-05-22 11:13:31.110 INFO 1 --- [ main] c.b.hellojib.HellojibApplication : Started HellojibApplication in 3.618 seconds (JVM running for 4.297) 2021-05-22 11:13:48.866 INFO 1 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.a.c.c.C.[Tomcat].[localhost].[/] : Initializing Spring DispatcherServlet 'dispatcherServlet' 2021-05-22 11:13:48.866 INFO 1 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.s.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet : Initializing Servlet 'dispatcherServlet' 2021-05-22 11:13:48.880 INFO 1 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.s.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet : Completed initialization in 14 ms
再用docker stats对比内存,传统springboot应用的容器消耗了三百多兆内存:
CONTAINER ID NAME CPU % MEM USAGE / LIMIT MEM % NET I/O BLOCK I/O PIDS ffb32e5b68b9 eager_williamson 0.64% 356.3MiB / 3.844GiB 9.05% 3.46kB / 2.29kB 0B / 0B 31 6ce6c66fb4de jovial_hertz 0.11% 30.69MiB / 3.844GiB 0.78% 1.49kB / 158B 4.31MB / 0B 18
综上所述,Spring Native带来的优势是很明显的,不过请注意:2021年03月11日官方宣布的Spring Native只是beta版本,请不要用于生产环境!!!
下载插件失败
在实际操作过程中,经常会遇到maven插件或者docker镜像下载失败的情况,除了多试几次,您还可以考虑将项目放到github上去,借助github action在云端完成镜像构建,具体操作请参考《用GitHub Actions制作Docker镜像》
不用开发,直接体验
我已将镜像上传到hub.docker.com,完整名称是bolingcavalry/webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT,如果您只想体验一下native image的效果可以直接下载该镜像使用;
以上就是Spring Native实战(畅快体验79毫秒启动springboot应用)的详细内容,更多关于Spring Native实战的资料请关注我们其它相关文章!