详解在Ubuntu上的Apache配置SSL(https证书)的正确姿势

首先看一下阿里云官方的教程：

文件说明：

1. 证书文件xxxxxx.pem，包含两段内容，请不要删除任何一段内容。

2. 如果是证书系统创建的CSR，还包含：证书私钥文件xxxxxxxx.key、证书公钥文件public.pem、证书链文件chain.pem。

( 1 ) 在Apache的安装目录下创建cert目录，并且将下载的全部文件拷贝到cert目录中。如果申请证书时是自己创建的CSR文件，请将对应的私钥文件放到cert目录下并且命名为xxxxxxxx.key；

( 2 ) 打开 apache 安装目录下 conf 目录中的 httpd.conf 文件，找到以下内容并去掉“#”：

#LoadModule ssl_module modules/mod_ssl.so (如果找不到请确认是否编译过 openssl 插件)
#Include conf/extra/httpd-ssl.conf

( 3 ) 打开 apache 安装目录下 conf/extra/httpd-ssl.conf 文件 (也可能是conf.d/ssl.conf，与操作系统及安装方式有关)， 在配置文件中查找以下配置语句:

# 添加 SSL 协议支持协议，去掉不安全的协议
SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3
# 修改加密套件如下
SSLCipherSuite HIGH:!RC4:!MD5:!aNULL:!eNULL:!NULL:!DH:!EDH:!EXP:+MEDIUM
SSLHonorCipherOrder on
# 证书公钥配置
SSLCertificateFile cert/public.pem
# 证书私钥配置
SSLCertificateKeyFile cert/xxxxxxx.key
# 证书链配置，如果该属性开头有 '#'字符，请删除掉
SSLCertificateChainFile cert/chain.pem

( 4 ) 重启 Apache。

( 5 ) 通过 https 方式访问您的站点,测试站点证书的安装配置，如遇到证书不信任问题，请查看帮助视频。

然而这只能参考。在Ubuntu下面，我是用apt安装的Apache，但是它没有httpd.conf，只有一个apache2.conf，好吧，其实这个文件和httpd.conf差不多，它里面是这样注释的：

# It is split into several files forming the configuration hierarchy outlined
# below, all located in the /etc/apache2/ directory:
#
# /etc/apache2/
# |-- apache2.conf
# | `-- ports.conf
# |-- mods-enabled
# | |-- *.load
# | `-- *.conf
# |-- conf-enabled
# | `-- *.conf
# `-- sites-enabled
# `-- *.conf
#

这个版本的Apache把配置文件分散到了其他小文件中，结构就是上面那样子的。你要是愿意的话，也可以自己写一个httpd.conf然后include进去。

重点讲一下https的配置，第一步，你要保证你外部环境的443端口是打开的。

第二步确保你安装了ssl_module。没有就apt-get install openssl ，可能还需要一些依赖，但是都是小问题。

然后打开ports.conf，以下几句是不可少的：

<IfModule ssl_module>
 Listen 443
</IfModule>

<IfModule mod_gnutls.c>
 Listen 443
</IfModule>

接着打开mods-available，找到ssl.conf和ssl.load

ssl.load长这样：

# Depends: setenvif mime socache_shmcb
LoadModule ssl_module /usr/lib/apache2/modules/mod_ssl.so
ssl.conf长这样：
<IfModule mod_ssl.c>

 # Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG):
 # Configure one or more sources to seed the PRNG of the SSL library.
 # The seed data should be of good random quality.
 # WARNING! On some platforms /dev/random blocks if not enough entropy
 # is available. This means you then cannot use the /dev/random device
 # because it would lead to very long connection times (as long as
 # it requires to make more entropy available). But usually those
 # platforms additionally provide a /dev/urandom device which doesn't
 # block. So, if available, use this one instead. Read the mod_ssl User
 # Manual for more details.
 #
 SSLRandomSeed startup builtin
 SSLRandomSeed startup file:/dev/urandom 512
 SSLRandomSeed connect builtin
 SSLRandomSeed connect file:/dev/urandom 512

 ##
 ## SSL Global Context
 ##
 ## All SSL configuration in this context applies both to
 ## the main server and all SSL-enabled virtual hosts.
 ##

 #
 # Some MIME-types for downloading Certificates and CRLs
 #
 AddType application/x-x509-ca-cert .crt
 AddType application/x-pkcs7-crl .crl

 # Pass Phrase Dialog:
 # Configure the pass phrase gathering process.
 # The filtering dialog program (`builtin' is a internal
 # terminal dialog) has to provide the pass phrase on stdout.
 SSLPassPhraseDialog exec:/usr/share/apache2/ask-for-passphrase

 # Inter-Process Session Cache:
 # Configure the SSL Session Cache: First the mechanism
 # to use and second the expiring timeout (in seconds).
 # (The mechanism dbm has known memory leaks and should not be used).
 #SSLSessionCache dbm:${APACHE_RUN_DIR}/ssl_scache
 SSLSessionCache shmcb:${APACHE_RUN_DIR}/ssl_scache(512000)
 SSLSessionCacheTimeout 300

 # Semaphore:
 # Configure the path to the mutual exclusion semaphore the
 # SSL engine uses internally for inter-process synchronization.
 # (Disabled by default, the global Mutex directive consolidates by default
 # this)
 #Mutex file:${APACHE_LOCK_DIR}/ssl_mutex ssl-cache

 # SSL Cipher Suite:
 # List the ciphers that the client is permitted to negotiate. See the
 # ciphers(1) man page from the openssl package for list of all available
 # options.
 # Enable only secure ciphers:
 SSLCipherSuite HIGH:!RC4:!MD5:!aNULL:!eNULL:!NULL:!DH:!EDH:!EXP:+MEDIUM

 # SSL server cipher order preference:
 # Use server priorities for cipher algorithm choice.
 # Clients may prefer lower grade encryption. You should enable this
 # option if you want to enforce stronger encryption, and can afford
 # the CPU cost, and did not override SSLCipherSuite in a way that puts
 # insecure ciphers first.
 # Default: Off
 SSLHonorCipherOrder on

 # The protocols to enable.
 # Available values: all, SSLv3, TLSv1, TLSv1.1, TLSv1.2
 # SSL v2 is no longer supported
 SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3

 # Allow insecure renegotiation with clients which do not yet support the
 # secure renegotiation protocol. Default: Off
 #SSLInsecureRenegotiation on

 # Whether to forbid non-SNI clients to access name based virtual hosts.
 # Default: Off
 #SSLStrictSNIVHostCheck On

</IfModule>

# vim: syntax=apache ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 sr noet

之后就是站点的配置了，这里使用默认的default-ssl.conf：

<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
 <VirtualHost _default_:443>
 ServerName 

 ################加入你自己的站点配置##########

 # Available loglevels: trace8, ..., trace1, debug, info, notice, warn,
 # error, crit, alert, emerg.
 # It is also possible to configure the loglevel for particular
 # modules, e.g.
 #LogLevel info ssl:warn

 ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
 CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined

 # For most configuration files from conf-available/, which are
 # enabled or disabled at a global level, it is possible to
 # include a line for only one particular virtual host. For example the
 # following line enables the CGI configuration for this host only
 # after it has been globally disabled with "a2disconf".
 #Include conf-available/serve-cgi-bin.conf

 # SSL Engine Switch:
 # Enable/Disable SSL for this virtual host.
 SSLEngine on

 # A self-signed (snakeoil) certificate can be created by installing
 # the ssl-cert package. See
 # /usr/share/doc/apache2/README.Debian.gz for more info.
 # If both key and certificate are stored in the same file, only the
 # SSLCertificateFile directive is needed.
 SSLCertificateFile /etc/apache2/cert/public.pem
 SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/apache2/cert/xxxxxxx.key

 # Server Certificate Chain:
 # Point SSLCertificateChainFile at a file containing the
 # concatenation of PEM encoded CA certificates which form the
 # certificate chain for the server certificate. Alternatively
 # the referenced file can be the same as SSLCertificateFile
 # when the CA certificates are directly appended to the server
 # certificate for convinience.
 SSLCertificateChainFile /etc/apache2/cert/chain.pem

 # Certificate Authority (CA):
 # Set the CA certificate verification path where to find CA
 # certificates for client authentication or alternatively one
 # huge file containing all of them (file must be PEM encoded)
 # Note: Inside SSLCACertificatePath you need hash symlinks
 # to point to the certificate files. Use the provided
 # Makefile to update the hash symlinks after changes.
 #SSLCACertificatePath /etc/ssl/certs/
 #SSLCACertificateFile /etc/apache2/ssl.crt/ca-bundle.crt

 # Certificate Revocation Lists (CRL):
 # Set the CA revocation path where to find CA CRLs for client
 # authentication or alternatively one huge file containing all
 # of them (file must be PEM encoded)
 # Note: Inside SSLCARevocationPath you need hash symlinks
 # to point to the certificate files. Use the provided
 # Makefile to update the hash symlinks after changes.
 #SSLCARevocationPath /etc/apache2/ssl.crl/
 #SSLCARevocationFile /etc/apache2/ssl.crl/ca-bundle.crl

 # Client Authentication (Type):
 # Client certificate verification type and depth. Types are
 # none, optional, require and optional_no_ca. Depth is a
 # number which specifies how deeply to verify the certificate
 # issuer chain before deciding the certificate is not valid.
 #SSLVerifyClient require
 #SSLVerifyDepth 10

 # SSL Engine Options:
 # Set various options for the SSL engine.
 # o FakeBasicAuth:
 # Translate the client X.509 into a Basic Authorisation. This means that
 # the standard Auth/DBMAuth methods can be used for access control. The
 # user name is the `one line' version of the client's X.509 certificate.
 # Note that no password is obtained from the user. Every entry in the user
 # file needs this password: `xxj31ZMTZzkVA'.
 # o ExportCertData:
 # This exports two additional environment variables: SSL_CLIENT_CERT and
 # SSL_SERVER_CERT. These contain the PEM-encoded certificates of the
 # server (always existing) and the client (only existing when client
 # authentication is used). This can be used to import the certificates
 # into CGI scripts.
 # o StdEnvVars:
 # This exports the standard SSL/TLS related `SSL_*' environment variables.
 # Per default this exportation is switched off for performance reasons,
 # because the extraction step is an expensive operation and is usually
 # useless for serving static content. So one usually enables the
 # exportation for CGI and SSI requests only.
 # o OptRenegotiate:
 # This enables optimized SSL connection renegotiation handling when SSL
 # directives are used in per-directory context.
 #SSLOptions +FakeBasicAuth +ExportCertData +StrictRequire
 <FilesMatch "\.(cgi|shtml|phtml|php)$">
 SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
 </FilesMatch>
 <Directory /usr/lib/cgi-bin>
 SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
 </Directory>

 # SSL Protocol Adjustments:
 # The safe and default but still SSL/TLS standard compliant shutdown
 # approach is that mod_ssl sends the close notify alert but doesn't wait for
 # the close notify alert from client. When you need a different shutdown
 # approach you can use one of the following variables:
 # o ssl-unclean-shutdown:
 # This forces an unclean shutdown when the connection is closed, i.e. no
 # SSL close notify alert is send or allowed to received. This violates
 # the SSL/TLS standard but is needed for some brain-dead browsers. Use
 # this when you receive I/O errors because of the standard approach where
 # mod_ssl sends the close notify alert.
 # o ssl-accurate-shutdown:
 # This forces an accurate shutdown when the connection is closed, i.e. a
 # SSL close notify alert is send and mod_ssl waits for the close notify
 # alert of the client. This is 100% SSL/TLS standard compliant, but in
 # practice often causes hanging connections with brain-dead browsers. Use
 # this only for browsers where you know that their SSL implementation
 # works correctly.
 # Notice: Most problems of broken clients are also related to the HTTP
 # keep-alive facility, so you usually additionally want to disable
 # keep-alive for those clients, too. Use variable "nokeepalive" for this.
 # Similarly, one has to force some clients to use HTTP/1.0 to workaround
 # their broken HTTP/1.1 implementation. Use variables "downgrade-1.0" and
 # "force-response-1.0" for this.
 # BrowserMatch "MSIE [2-6]" \
 # nokeepalive ssl-unclean-shutdown \
 # downgrade-1.0 force-response-1.0

 </VirtualHost>
</IfModule>

# vim: syntax=apache ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 sr noet

发现了吗，这是把阿里云教程里的配置项分散到了两个配置文件里面。

然后在浏览器上使用https访问，成功。(linux可以使用wget或curl测试)

以上就是本文的全部内容，希望对大家的学习有所帮助，也希望大家多多支持我们。