Python中的各种装饰器详解
Python装饰器,分两部分,一是装饰器本身的定义,一是被装饰器对象的定义。
一、函数式装饰器:装饰器本身是一个函数。
1.装饰函数:被装饰对象是一个函数
[1]装饰器无参数:
a.被装饰对象无参数:
>>> def test(func):
def _test():
print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
return func()
return _test
>>> @test
def say():return 'hello world'
>>> say()
Call the function say().
'hello world'
>>>
b.被装饰对象有参数:
>>> def test(func):
def _test(*args,**kw):
print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
return func(*args,**kw)
return _test
>>> @test
def left(Str,Len):
#The parameters of _test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
return Str[:Len]
>>> left('hello world',5)
Call the function left().
'hello'
>>>
[2]装饰器有参数:
a.被装饰对象无参数:
>>> def test(printResult=False):
def _test(func):
def __test():
print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
if printResult:
print func()
else:
return func()
return __test
return _test
>>> @test(True)
def say():return 'hello world'
>>> say()
Call the function say().
hello world
>>> @test(False)
def say():return 'hello world'
>>> say()
Call the function say().
'hello world'
>>> @test()
def say():return 'hello world'
>>> say()
Call the function say().
'hello world'
>>> @test
def say():return 'hello world'
>>> say()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#224>", line 1, in <module>
say()
TypeError: _test() takes exactly 1 argument (0 given)
>>>
由上面这段代码中的最后两个例子可知:当装饰器有参数时,即使你启用装饰器的默认参数,不另外传递新值进去,也必须有一对括号,否则编译器会直接将func传递给test(),而不是传递给_test()
b.被装饰对象有参数:
>>> def test(printResult=False):
def _test(func):
def __test(*args,**kw):
print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
if printResult:
print func(*args,**kw)
else:
return func(*args,**kw)
return __test
return _test
>>> @test()
def left(Str,Len):
#The parameters of __test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
return Str[:Len]
>>> left('hello world',5)
Call the function left().
'hello'
>>> @test(True)
def left(Str,Len):
#The parameters of __test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
return Str[:Len]
>>> left('hello world',5)
Call the function left().
hello
>>>
2.装饰类:被装饰的对象是一个类
[1]装饰器无参数:
a.被装饰对象无参数:
>>> def test(cls):
def _test():
clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
return cls()
return _test
>>> @test
class sy(object):
value=32
>>> s=sy()
Call sy.__init().
>>> s
<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000002C3E390>
>>> s.value
32
>>>
b.被装饰对象有参数:
>>> def test(cls):
def _test(*args,**kw):
clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
return cls(*args,**kw)
return _test
>>> @test
class sy(object):
def __init__(self,value):
#The parameters of _test can be '(value)' in this case.
self.value=value
>>> s=sy('hello world')
Call sy.__init().
>>> s
<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AF7748>
>>> s.value
'hello world'
>>>
[2]装饰器有参数:
a.被装饰对象无参数:
>>> def test(printValue=True):
def _test(cls):
def __test():
clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
obj=cls()
if printValue:
print 'value = %r'%obj.value
return obj
return __test
return _test
>>> @test()
class sy(object):
def __init__(self):
self.value=32
>>> s=sy()
Call sy.__init().
value = 32
>>> @test(False)
class sy(object):
def __init__(self):
self.value=32
>>> s=sy()
Call sy.__init().
>>>
>>> def test(printValue=True):
def _test(cls):
def __test(*args,**kw):
clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
obj=cls(*args,**kw)
if printValue:
print 'value = %r'%obj.value
return obj
return __test
return _test
>>> @test()
class sy(object):
def __init__(self,value):
self.value=value
>>> s=sy('hello world')
Call sy.__init().
value = 'hello world'
>>> @test(False)
class sy(object):
def __init__(self,value):
self.value=value
>>> s=sy('hello world')
Call sy.__init().
>>>
二、类式装饰器:装饰器本身是一个类,借用__init__()和__call__()来实现职能
1.装饰函数:被装饰对象是一个函数
[1]装饰器无参数:
a.被装饰对象无参数:
>>> class test(object):
def __init__(self,func):
self._func=func
def __call__(self):
return self._func()
>>> @test
def say():
return 'hello world'
>>> say()
'hello world'
>>>
b.被装饰对象有参数:
>>> class test(object):
def __init__(self,func):
self._func=func
def __call__(self,*args,**kw):
return self._func(*args,**kw)
>>> @test
def left(Str,Len):
#The parameters of __call__ can be '(self,Str,Len)' in this case.
return Str[:Len]
>>> left('hello world',5)
'hello'
>>>
[2]装饰器有参数
a.被装饰对象无参数:
>>> class test(object):
def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
def __call__(self,func):
def _call():
print self.beforeInfo
return func()
return _call
>>> @test()
def say():
return 'hello world'
>>> say()
Call function
'hello world'
>>>
或者:
>>> class test(object):
def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
def __call__(self,func):
self._func=func
return self._call
def _call(self):
print self.beforeInfo
return self._func()
>>> @test()
def say():
return 'hello world'
>>> say()
Call function
'hello world'
>>>
>>> class test(object):
def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
def __call__(self,func):
def _call(*args,**kw):
print self.beforeInfo
return func(*args,**kw)
return _call
>>> @test()
def left(Str,Len):
#The parameters of _call can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
return Str[:Len]
>>> left('hello world',5)
Call function
'hello'
>>>
>>> class test(object):
def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
def __call__(self,func):
self._func=func
return self._call
def _call(self,*args,**kw):
print self.beforeInfo
return self._func(*args,**kw)
>>> @test()
def left(Str,Len):
#The parameters of _call can be '(self,Str,Len)' in this case.
return Str[:Len]
>>> left('hello world',5)
Call function
'hello'
>>>
2.装饰类:被装饰对象是一个类
[1]装饰器无参数:
a.被装饰对象无参数:
>>> class test(object):
def __init__(self,cls):
self._cls=cls
def __call__(self):
return self._cls()
>>> @test
class sy(object):
def __init__(self):
self.value=32
>>> s=sy()
>>> s
<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AAFA20>
>>> s.value
32
>>>
>>> class test(object):
def __init__(self,cls):
self._cls=cls
def __call__(self,*args,**kw):
return self._cls(*args,**kw)
>>> @test
class sy(object):
def __init__(self,value):
#The parameters of __call__ can be '(self,value)' in this case.
self.value=value
>>> s=sy('hello world')
>>> s
<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AAFA20>
>>> s.value
'hello world'
>>>
[2]装饰器有参数:
a.被装饰对象无参数:
>>> class test(object):
def __init__(self,printValue=False):
self._printValue=printValue
def __call__(self,cls):
def _call():
obj=cls()
if self._printValue:
print 'value = %r'%obj.value
return obj
return _call
>>> @test(True)
class sy(object):
def __init__(self):
self.value=32
>>> s=sy()
value = 32
>>> s
<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AB50B8>
>>> s.value
32
>>>
>>> class test(object):
def __init__(self,printValue=False):
self._printValue=printValue
def __call__(self,cls):
def _call(*args,**kw):
obj=cls(*args,**kw)
if self._printValue:
print 'value = %r'%obj.value
return obj
return _call
>>> @test(True)
class sy(object):
def __init__(self,value):
#The parameters of _call can be '(value)' in this case.
self.value=value
>>> s=sy('hello world')
value = 'hello world'
>>> s
<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AB5588>
>>> s.value
'hello world'
>>>
总结:【1】@decorator后面不带括号时(也即装饰器无参数时),效果就相当于先定义func或cls,而后执行赋值操作func=decorator(func)或cls=decorator(cls);
【2】@decorator后面带括号时(也即装饰器有参数时),效果就相当于先定义func或cls,而后执行赋值操作 func=decorator(decoratorArgs)(func)或cls=decorator(decoratorArgs)(cls);
【3】如上将func或cls重新赋值后,此时的func或cls也不再是原来定义时的func或cls,而是一个可执行体,你只需要传入参数就可调用,func(args)=>返回值或者输出,cls(args)=>object of cls;
【4】最后通过赋值返回的执行体是多样的,可以是闭包,也可以是外部函数;当被装饰的是一个类时,还可以是类内部方法,函数;
【5】另外要想真正了解装饰器,一定要了解func.func_code.co_varnames,func.func_defaults,通过它们你可以以func的定义之外,还原func的参数列表;另外关键字参数是因为调用而出现的,而不是因为func的定义,func的定义中的用等号连接的只是有默认值的参数,它们并不一定会成为关键字参数,因为你仍然可以按照位置来传递它们。