C++实现LeetCode(202.快乐数)

[LeetCode] 202.Happy Number 快乐数

Write an algorithm to determine if a number is "happy".

A happy number is a number defined by the following process: Starting with any positive integer, replace the number by the sum of the squares of its digits, and repeat the process until the number equals 1 (where it will stay), or it loops endlessly in a cycle which does not include 1. Those numbers for which this process ends in 1 are happy numbers.

Example: 

Input: 19
Output: true
Explanation:
1^2 + 9^2 = 82
8^2 + 2^2 = 68
6^2 + 8^2 = 100
1^2 + 0^2 + 0^2 = 1

Credits:
Special thanks to @mithmatt and @ts for adding this problem and creating all test cases.

这道题定义了一种快乐数,就是说对于某一个正整数,如果对其各个位上的数字分别平方,然后再加起来得到一个新的数字,再进行同样的操作,如果最终结果变成了1,则说明是快乐数,如果一直循环但不是1的话,就不是快乐数,那么现在任意给我们一个正整数,让我们判断这个数是不是快乐数,题目中给的例子19是快乐数,那么我们来看一个不是快乐数的情况,比如数字11有如下的计算过程:

1^2 + 1^2 = 2
2^2 = 4
4^2 = 16
1^2 + 6^2 = 37
3^2 + 7^2 = 58
5^2 + 8^2 = 89
8^2 + 9^2 = 145
1^2 + 4^2 + 5^2 = 42
4^2 + 2^2 = 20
2^2 + 0^2 = 4

我们发现在算到最后时数字4又出现了,那么之后的数字又都会重复之前的顺序,这个循环中不包含1,那么数字11不是一个快乐数,发现了规律后就要考虑怎么用代码来实现,我们可以用 HashSet 来记录所有出现过的数字,然后每出现一个新数字,在 HashSet 中查找看是否存在,若不存在则加入表中,若存在则跳出循环,并且判断此数是否为1,若为1返回true,不为1返回false,代码如下:

解法一:

class Solution {
public:
    bool isHappy(int n) {
        unordered_set<int> st;
        while (n != 1) {
            int sum = 0;
            while (n) {
                sum += (n % 10) * (n % 10);
                n /= 10;
            }
            n = sum;
            if (st.count(n)) break;
            st.insert(n);
        }
        return n == 1;
    }
};

其实这道题也可以不用 HashSet 来做,我们并不需要太多的额外空间,关于非快乐数有个特点,循环的数字中必定会有4,这里就不做证明了,我也不会证明,就是利用这个性质,就可以不用set了,参见代码如下:

解法二:

class Solution {
public:
    bool isHappy(int n) {
        while (n != 1 && n != 4) {
            int sum = 0;
            while (n) {
                sum += (n % 10) * (n % 10);
                n /= 10;
            }
            n = sum;
        }
        return n == 1;
    }
};

这道题还有一种快慢指针的解法,由热心网友喵团团提供,跟之前那道 Linked List Cycle 检测环的方法类似,不同的是这道题环一定存在,不过有的环不符合题意,只有最后 slow 停在了1的位置,才表明是一个快乐数。而且这里每次慢指针走一步,快指针走两步,不是简单的指向next,而是要调用子函数计算各位上数字的平方和,当快慢指针相等时,跳出循环,并且判断慢指针是否为1即可,参见代码如下:

解法三:

class Solution {
public:
    bool isHappy(int n) {
        int slow = n, fast = n;
        while (true) {
            slow = findNext(slow);
            fast = findNext(fast);
            fast = findNext(fast);
            if (slow == fast) break;
        }
        return slow == 1;
    }
    int findNext(int n) {
        int res = 0;
        while (n > 0) {
            res += (n % 10) * (n % 10);
            n /= 10;
        }
        return res;
    }
};

类似题目:

Linked List Cycle

参考资料:

https://leetcode.com/problems/happy-number/

https://leetcode.com/problems/happy-number/discuss/56913/Beat-90-Fast-Easy-Understand-Java-Solution-with-Brief-Explanation

https://leetcode.com/problems/happy-number/discuss/56917/My-solution-in-C(-O(1)-space-and-no-magic-math-property-involved-)

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