MySQL数据库学习之去重与连接查询详解

目录

• 1.去重
• 2.连接查询
• 使用where进行多表连接查询
• 内连接 - 等值连接
• 内连接 - 非等值连接
• 内连接 - 自连接
• 外连接 - 左右外连接
• 三表连接

1.去重

示例表内容参考此文章

有些 MySQL 数据表中可能存在重复的记录，有些情况我们允许重复数据的存在，但有时候我们也需要删除这些重复的数据。

例如：去重显示岗位信息：

mysql> select distinct job from emp;
+-----------+
| job       |
+-----------+
| CLERK     |
| SALESMAN  |
| MANAGER   |
| ANALYST   |
| PRESIDENT |
+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.02 sec)

另一个示例：联合去重，查找部门和岗位的独有信息：

mysql> select distinct job,deptno from emp;
+-----------+--------+
| job       | deptno |
+-----------+--------+
| CLERK     |     20 |
| SALESMAN  |     30 |
| MANAGER   |     20 |
| MANAGER   |     30 |
| MANAGER   |     10 |
| ANALYST   |     20 |
| PRESIDENT |     10 |
| CLERK     |     30 |
| CLERK     |     10 |
+-----------+--------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

另一个示例：现在我们想统计一下工作岗位的数量，结合使用count函数：

mysql> select count(distinct job) from emp;
+---------------------+
| count(distinct job) |
+---------------------+
|                   5 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

2.连接查询

我们已经学会了如何在一张表中读取数据，这是相对简单的，但是在真正的应用中经常需要从多个数据表中读取数据。

JOIN 按照功能大致分为如下三类：

INNER JOIN（内连接,或等值连接）：获取两个表中字段匹配关系的记录。

LEFT JOIN（左连接）：获取左表所有记录，即使右表没有对应匹配的记录。

RIGHT JOIN（右连接）： 与 LEFT JOIN 相反，用于获取右表所有记录，即使左表没有对应匹配的记录。

多表连接的机制是：从其中一个表中取出每一条数据，从另一个表中的数据行进行匹配。这就涉及到了效率控制问题

使用where进行多表连接查询

现在我们来演示一个例子：取出每个员工的名字和部门名字：

mysql> select ename,dname
    -> from emp,dept
    -> where emp.deptno = dept.deptno;
+--------+------------+
| ename  | dname      |
+--------+------------+
| SMITH  | RESEARCH   |
| ALLEN  | SALES      |
| WARD   | SALES      |
| JONES  | RESEARCH   |
| MARTIN | SALES      |
| BLAKE  | SALES      |
| CLARK  | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT  | RESEARCH   |
| KING   | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | SALES      |
| ADAMS  | RESEARCH   |
| JAMES  | SALES      |
| FORD   | RESEARCH   |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

上面的sql语句实际上效率很低，我们尝试进行优化（给表起别名）：（sql92语法）

mysql> select e.ename,d.dname
    -> from emp e,dept d
    -> where e.deptno = d.deptno;
+--------+------------+
| ename  | dname      |
+--------+------------+
| SMITH  | RESEARCH   |
| ALLEN  | SALES      |
| WARD   | SALES      |
| JONES  | RESEARCH   |
| MARTIN | SALES      |
| BLAKE  | SALES      |
| CLARK  | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT  | RESEARCH   |
| KING   | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | SALES      |
| ADAMS  | RESEARCH   |
| JAMES  | SALES      |
| FORD   | RESEARCH   |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

注意：表的连接次数越多，效率越低，请尽量减少表的连接次数！

内连接 - 等值连接

还是上面的例子，取出每个员工的名字和部门名字：（sql99语法）

内连接，我们使用inner

mysql> select e.ename,d.dname
    -> from emp e
    -> inner join
    -> dept d
    -> on
    -> e.deptno = d.deptno;
+--------+------------+
| ename  | dname      |
+--------+------------+
| SMITH  | RESEARCH   |
| ALLEN  | SALES      |
| WARD   | SALES      |
| JONES  | RESEARCH   |
| MARTIN | SALES      |
| BLAKE  | SALES      |
| CLARK  | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT  | RESEARCH   |
| KING   | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | SALES      |
| ADAMS  | RESEARCH   |
| JAMES  | SALES      |
| FORD   | RESEARCH   |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

sql99的优点是：表的连接是独立的，不占用where的位置。使sql语句整体更加清晰

内连接 - 非等值连接

案例：找出每个员工的薪资等级，要求显示员工名，薪资，薪资等级

mysql> select
    -> e.ename,e.sal,s.grade
    -> from
    -> emp e
    -> inner join
    -> salgrade s
    -> on
    -> e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal;
+--------+---------+-------+
| ename  | sal     | grade |
+--------+---------+-------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 |     1 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     3 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     2 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     4 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     2 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     4 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     4 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     4 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |     5 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     3 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     1 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |     1 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     4 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     2 |
+--------+---------+-------+
14 rows in set (0.01 sec)

内连接 - 自连接

案例：查询员工的上级领导，要求显示员工名和对应的领导名

我们可以发现，员工和领导的关系在一张表中，此时需要用到自连接（技巧：一张表看成两张表）

mysql> select
    -> a.ename as '员工名',b.ename as '领导名'
    -> from emp a
    -> join emp b
    -> on
    -> a.mgr = b.empno;
+-----------+-----------+
| 员工名    | 领导名      |
+-----------+-----------+
| SMITH     | FORD      |
| ALLEN     | BLAKE     |
| WARD      | BLAKE     |
| JONES     | KING      |
| MARTIN    | BLAKE     |
| BLAKE     | KING      |
| CLARK     | KING      |
| SCOTT     | JONES     |
| TURNER    | BLAKE     |
| ADAMS     | SCOTT     |
| JAMES     | BLAKE     |
| FORD      | JONES     |
| MILLER    | CLARK     |
+-----------+-----------+
13 rows in set (0.00 sec)

外连接 - 左右外连接

外连接与内连接的区别是，外连接没有匹配成功的某一个表的记录也会被取出

案例：查找员工的部门信息。要求部门即使没有员工也要查出

mysql> select
    -> e.ename,d.dname
    -> from emp e
    -> right join dept d
    -> on
    -> e.deptno = d.deptno;
+--------+------------+
| ename  | dname      |
+--------+------------+
| SMITH  | RESEARCH   |
| ALLEN  | SALES      |
| WARD   | SALES      |
| JONES  | RESEARCH   |
| MARTIN | SALES      |
| BLAKE  | SALES      |
| CLARK  | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT  | RESEARCH   |
| KING   | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | SALES      |
| ADAMS  | RESEARCH   |
| JAMES  | SALES      |
| FORD   | RESEARCH   |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
| NULL   | OPERATIONS |
+--------+------------+
15 rows in set (0.00 sec)

同样的，如果是左外连接，将查询出左表的全部数据，使用left join关键字即可

外连接的查询结果条数一定是 >= 内连接的查询结果条数

三表连接

更为复杂的情况是，群表连接

我们来看一个案例：

找出每个员工的部门名称及工资等级。要求显示员工名，部门名，薪资，薪资等级

mysql> select
    -> e.ename,e.sal,d.dname,s.grade
    -> from emp e
    -> join dept d
    -> on e.deptno = d.deptno
    -> join salgrade s
    -> on e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal;
+--------+---------+------------+-------+
| ename  | sal     | dname      | grade |
+--------+---------+------------+-------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 | RESEARCH   |     1 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 | SALES      |     3 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 | SALES      |     2 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 | RESEARCH   |     4 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | SALES      |     2 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 | SALES      |     4 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 | ACCOUNTING |     4 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 | RESEARCH   |     4 |
| KING   | 5000.00 | ACCOUNTING |     5 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | SALES      |     3 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 | RESEARCH   |     1 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 | SALES      |     1 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 | RESEARCH   |     4 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | ACCOUNTING |     2 |
+--------+---------+------------+-------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

再来看一个更复杂的情况：

找出每个员工的部门名称及工资等级及领导名称。要求显示员工名，部门名，领导名，薪资，薪资等级

mysql> select
    -> e.ename,e.sal,d.dname,s.grade,l.ename
    -> from emp e
    -> join dept d
    -> on e.deptno = d.deptno
    -> join salgrade s
    -> on e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal
    -> left join
    -> emp l
    -> on e.mgr = l.empno;
+--------+---------+------------+-------+-------+
| ename  | sal     | dname      | grade | ename |
+--------+---------+------------+-------+-------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 | RESEARCH   |     1 | FORD  |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 | SALES      |     3 | BLAKE |
| WARD   | 1250.00 | SALES      |     2 | BLAKE |
| JONES  | 2975.00 | RESEARCH   |     4 | KING  |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | SALES      |     2 | BLAKE |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 | SALES      |     4 | KING  |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 | ACCOUNTING |     4 | KING  |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 | RESEARCH   |     4 | JONES |
| KING   | 5000.00 | ACCOUNTING |     5 | NULL  |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | SALES      |     3 | BLAKE |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 | RESEARCH   |     1 | SCOTT |
| JAMES  |  950.00 | SALES      |     1 | BLAKE |
| FORD   | 3000.00 | RESEARCH   |     4 | JONES |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | ACCOUNTING |     2 | CLARK |
+--------+---------+------------+-------+-------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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