python开启摄像头以及深度学习实现目标检测方法

最近想做实时目标检测，需要用到python开启摄像头，我手上只有两个uvc免驱的摄像头，性能一般。利用python开启摄像头费了一番功夫，主要原因是我的摄像头都不能用cv2的VideCapture打开，这让我联想到原来opencv也打不开Android手机上的摄像头（后来采用QML的Camera模块实现的）。看来opencv对于摄像头的兼容性仍然不是很完善。

我尝了几种办法：v4l2，v4l2_capture以及simpleCV，都打不开。最后采用pygame实现了摄像头的采集功能，这里直接给大家分享具体实现代码（python3.6，cv2，opencv3.3，ubuntu16.04）。中间注释的部分是我上述方法打开摄像头的尝试，说不定有适合自己的。

import pygame.camera
import time
import pygame
import cv2
import numpy as np

def surface_to_string(surface):
 """convert pygame surface into string"""
 return pygame.image.tostring(surface, 'RGB')

def pygame_to_cvimage(surface):
 """conver pygame surface into cvimage"""

 #cv_image = np.zeros(surface.get_size, np.uint8, 3)
 image_string = surface_to_string(surface)
 image_np = np.fromstring(image_string, np.uint8).reshape(480, 640, 3)
 frame = cv2.cvtColor(image_np, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
 return image_np, frame

pygame.camera.init()
pygame.camera.list_cameras()
cam = pygame.camera.Camera("/dev/video0", [640, 480])

cam.start()
time.sleep(0.1)
screen = pygame.display.set_mode([640, 480])

while True:
 image = cam.get_image()

 cv_image, frame = pygame_to_cvimage(image)

 screen.fill([0, 0, 0])
 screen.blit(image, (0, 0))
 pygame.display.update()
 cv2.imshow('frame', frame)
 key = cv2.waitKey(1)
 if key & 0xFF == ord('q'):
  break

 #pygame.image.save(image, "pygame1.jpg")

cam.stop()

上述代码需要注意一个地方，就是pygame图片和opencv图片的转化（pygame_to_cvimage）有些地方采用cv.CreateImageHeader和SetData来实现，注意这两个函数在opencv3+后就消失了。因此采用numpy进行实现。

至于目标检测，由于现在网上有很多实现的方法，MobileNet等等。这里我不讲解具体原理，因为我的研究方向不是这个，这里直接把代码贴出来，亲测成功了。

from imutils.video import FPS
import argparse
import imutils

import v4l2
import fcntl

import v4l2capture
import select
import image

import pygame.camera
import pygame
import cv2
import numpy as np
import time

def surface_to_string(surface):
 """convert pygame surface into string"""
 return pygame.image.tostring(surface, 'RGB')

def pygame_to_cvimage(surface):
 """conver pygame surface into cvimage"""

 #cv_image = np.zeros(surface.get_size, np.uint8, 3)
 image_string = surface_to_string(surface)
 image_np = np.fromstring(image_string, np.uint8).reshape(480, 640, 3)
 frame = cv2.cvtColor(image_np, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
 return frame

ap = argparse.ArgumentParser()
ap.add_argument("-p", "--prototxt", required=True, help="path to caffe deploy prototxt file")
ap.add_argument("-m", "--model", required=True, help="path to caffe pretrained model")
ap.add_argument("-c", "--confidence", type=float, default=0.2, help="minimum probability to filter weak detection")
args = vars(ap.parse_args())

CLASSES = ["background", "aeroplane", "bicycle", "bird", "boat", "bottle", "bus", "car", "cat", "chair", "cow",
   "diningtable", "dog", "horse", "motorbike", "person", "pottedplant", "sheep", "sofa", "train", "tvmonitor"]
COLORS = np.random.uniform(0, 255, size=(len(CLASSES), 3))

print("[INFO] loading model...")
net = cv2.dnn.readNetFromCaffe(args["prototxt"], args["model"])

print("[INFO] starting video stream ...")

###### opencv ########
#vs = VideoStream(src=1).start()
#
#camera = cv2.VideoCapture(0)
#if not camera.isOpened():
# print("camera is not open")
#time.sleep(2.0)

###### v4l2 ########

#vd = open('/dev/video0', 'r')
#cp = v4l2.v4l2_capability()
#fcntl.ioctl(vd, v4l2.VIDIOC_QUERYCAP, cp)

#cp.driver

##### v4l2_capture
#video = v4l2capture.Video_device("/dev/video0")
#size_x, size_y = video.set_format(640, 480, fourcc= 'MJPEG')
#video.create_buffers(30)

#video.queue_all_buffers()

#video.start()

##### pygame ####
pygame.camera.init()
pygame.camera.list_cameras()
cam = pygame.camera.Camera("/dev/video0", [640, 480])

cam.start()
time.sleep(1)

fps = FPS().start()

while True:
 #try:
 # frame = vs.read()
 #except:
 # print("camera is not opened")

 #frame = imutils.resize(frame, width=400)
 #(h, w) = frame.shape[:2]

 #grabbed, frame = camera.read()
 #if not grabbed:
 # break
 #select.select((video,), (), ())
 #frame = video.read_and_queue()

 #npfs = np.frombuffer(frame, dtype=np.uint8)
 #print(len(npfs))
 #frame = cv2.imdecode(npfs, cv2.IMREAD_COLOR)

 image = cam.get_image()
 frame = pygame_to_cvimage(image)

 frame = imutils.resize(frame, width=640)
 blob = cv2.dnn.blobFromImage(frame, 0.00783, (640, 480), 127.5)

 net.setInput(blob)
 detections = net.forward()

 for i in np.arange(0, detections.shape[2]):

  confidence = detections[0, 0, i, 2]

  if confidence > args["confidence"]:

   idx = int(detections[0, 0, i, 1])
   box = detections[0, 0, i, 3:7]*np.array([640, 480, 640, 480])
   (startX, startY, endX, endY) = box.astype("int")

   label = "{}:{:.2f}%".format(CLASSES[idx], confidence*100)
   cv2.rectangle(frame, (startX, startY), (endX, endY), COLORS[idx], 2)
   y = startY - 15 if startY - 15 > 15 else startY + 15

   cv2.putText(frame, label, (startX, y), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.5, COLORS[idx], 2)

 cv2.imshow("Frame", frame)
 key = cv2.waitKey(1)& 0xFF

 if key ==ord("q"):
  break

fps.stop()
print("[INFO] elapsed time :{:.2f}".format(fps.elapsed()))
print("[INFO] approx. FPS :{:.2f}".format(fps.fps()))

cv2.destroyAllWindows()

#vs.stop()

上面的实现需要用到两个文件，是caffe实现好的模型，我直接上传（文件名为MobileNetSSD_deploy.caffemodel和MobileNetSSD_deploy.prototxt，上google能够下载到）。

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