Redis中AOF与RDB持久化策略深入分析
目录
- 写在前面
- 一、Redis为什么要持久化
- 二、Redis的持久化方式
- 2.1. AOF持久化(Append of file)
- 2.1.1 fsync 系统调用
- 2.1.2 AOF持久化策略
- 2.1.3 aof_rewrite
- 2.2 RDB快照(redis默认持久化方式)
- 触发方式(自动触发和非自动触发)
- 2.3 RDB和AOF混用
- 2.4 三种持久化方式比较
- 三、什么是大key以及大key对持久化的影响
- 3.1 什么是大key
- 3.2 fork进程写时复制原理
- 3.3 面试题-大key对持久化有什么影响
- 四、持久化源码分析
- 4.1 RDB持久化
- 4.1.1 RDB文件的创建
- 4.1.2 RDB文件的载入
- 4.2 AOF持久化
- 4.2.1 AOF持久化实现
- 4.2.2 源码分析
写在前面
以下内容是基于Redis 6.2.6 版本整理总结
一、Redis为什么要持久化
Redis 是一个内存数据库,就是将数据库中的内容保存在内存中,这与传统的MySQL,Oracle等关系型数据库直接将内容保存到硬盘中相比,内存数据库的读写效率比传统数据库要快的多(内存的读写效率远远大于硬盘的读写效率)。但是内存中存储的缺点就是,一旦断电或者宕机,那么内存数据库中的数据将会全部丢失。而且,有时候redis需要重启,要加载回原来的状态,也需要持久化重启之前的状态。
为了解决这个缺点,Redis提供了将内存数据持久化到硬盘,以及用持久化文件来恢复数据库数据的功能。Redis 支持两种形式的持久化,一种是RDB快照(snapshotting),另外一种是AOF(append-only-file)。从Redis4.0版本开始还通过RDB和AOF的混合持久化。
二、Redis的持久化方式
2.1. AOF持久化(Append of file)
OF采用的就是顺序追加的方式,对于磁盘来说,顺序写是最快、最友好的方式。AOF文件存储的是redis命令协议格式的数据。Redis通过重放AOF文件,也就是执行AOF文件里的命令,来恢复数据。
2.1.1 fsync 系统调用
fsync 是系统调动。内核自己的机制,调用fysnc把数据从内核缓冲区刷到磁盘。如果想主动刷盘,就write完调用一次fysnc。
2.1.2 AOF持久化策略
- always 在主线程中执行,每次增删改操作,都要调用fsync 落盘,数据最安全,但效率最低
- every second 在后台线程(bio_fsync_aof)中执行,会丢1~2s的数据
- no 由操作系统决定什么时候刷盘,不可控
缺点:
对数据库所有的修改命令(增删改)都会记录到AOF文件,数据冗余,随着运行时间增加,AOF文件会太过庞大,导致恢复速度变慢。比如:set key v1 ,set key v2 ,del key , set key v3,这四条命令都会被记录。但最终的状态就是key == v3,其余的命令就是冗余的数据。也就是说,我们只需要最后一个状态即可。
2.1.3 aof_rewrite
redis针对AOF文件过大的问题,推出了aof_rewrite来优化。aof_rewrite 原理:通过 fork 进程,在子进程中根据当前内存中的数据状态,生成命令协议数据,也就是最新的状态保存到aof文件,避免同一个key的历史数据冗余,提升恢复速度。
在重写aof期间,redis的主进程还在继续响应客户端的请求,redis会将写请求写到重写的缓冲区,等到子进程aof持久化结束,给主进程发信号,主进程再将重写缓冲区的数据追加到新的aof文件中。
虽然rewrite后AOF文件会变小,但aof还是要通过重放的方式恢复数据,需要耗费cpu资源,比较慢。
2.2 RDB快照(redis默认持久化方式)
RDB是把当前内存中的数据集快照写入磁盘RDB文件,也就是 Snapshot 快照(数据库中所有键值对二进制数据)。恢复时是将快照文件直接读到内存里。也是通过fork出子进程去持久化。Redis没有专门的载入RDB文件的命令,Redis服务器会在启动时,如果检测到了RDB文件就会自动载入RDB文件。
触发方式(自动触发和非自动触发)
(1)自动触发
在redis.conf 文件中,SNAPSHOTTING 的配置选项就是用来配置自动触发条件。
save: 用来配置RDB持久化触发的条件。save m n 表示 m 秒内,数据存在n次修改时,自动触发 bgsave (后台持久化)。
save “” 表示禁用快照;
save 900 1:表示900 秒内如果至少有 1 个 key 的值变化,则保存;
save 300 10:表示300 秒内如果至少有 10 个 key 的值变化,则保存;
save 60 10000:表示60 秒内如果至少有 10000 个 key 的值变化,则保存。
如果你只需要使用Redis的缓存功能,不需要持久化,只需要注释掉所有的save行即可。
stop-writes-on-bgsave-error: 默认值为 yes。如果RDB快照开启,并且最近的一次快照保存失败了,Redis会拒绝接收更新操作,以此来提醒用户数据持久化失败了,否则这些更新的数据可能会丢失。
rdbcompression:是否启用RDB快照文件压缩存储,默认是开启的,当数据量特别大时,压缩可以节省硬盘空间,但是会增加CPU消耗,可以选择关闭来节省CPU资源,建议开启。
rdbchecksum:文件校验,默认开启。在Redis 5.0版本后,新增了校验功能,用于保证文件的完整性。开启这个选项会增加10%左右的性能损耗,如果追求高性能,可以关闭该选项。
dbfilename :RDB文件名,默认为 dump.rdb
rdb-del-sync-files: Redis主从全量同步时,通过RDB文件传输实现。如果没有开启持久化,同步完成后,是否要移除主从同步的RDB文件,默认为no。
dir:存放RDB和AOF持久化文件的目录 默认为当前目录
(2)手动触发
Redis手动触发RDB持久化的命令有两种:
1)save :该命令会阻塞Redis主进程,在save持久化期间,Redis不能响应处理其他命令,这段时间Redis不可用,可能造成业务的停摆,直至RDB过程完成。一般不用。
2)bgsave:会在主进程fork出子进程进行RDB的持久化。阻塞只发生在fork阶段,而大key会导致fork时间增长。
2.3 RDB和AOF混用
RDB借鉴了aof_rewrite的思路,就是rbd文件写完,再把重写缓冲区的数据,追加到rbd文件的末尾,追加的这部分数据的格式是AOF的命令格式,这就是rdb_aof的混用。
2.4 三种持久化方式比较
- AOF 优点:数据可靠,丢失少;缺点:AOF 文件大,恢复速度慢;
- RDB 优点:RDB文件体积小,数据恢复快。缺点:无法做到实时/秒级持久化,会丢失最后一次快照后的所有数据。每次bgsave运行都需要fork进程,主进程和子进程共享一份内存空间,主进程在继续处理客户端命令时,采用的时写时复制技术,只有修改的那部分内存会重新复制出一份,更新页表指向。复制出的那部分,会导致内存膨胀。具体膨胀的程度,取决于主进程修改的比例有多大。注意:子进程只是读取数据,并不修改内存中的数据。
三、什么是大key以及大key对持久化的影响
3.1 什么是大key
redis 是kv 中的v站用了大量的空间。比如当v的类型是hash、zset,并且里面存储了大量的元素,这个v对应的key就是大key。
3.2 fork进程写时复制原理
在Redis主进程中调用fork()函数,创建出子进程。这个子进程在fork()函数返回时,跟主进程的状态是一模一样的。包括mm_struct和页表。此时,他们的页表都被标记为私有的写时复制状态(只读状态)。当某个进程试图写某个数据页时,会触发写保护,内核会重新为该进程映射一段内存,供其读写,并将页表指向这个新的数据页。
3.3 面试题-大key对持久化有什么影响
结合不同的持久化方式回答。fsync压力大,fork时间长。
如果是AOF:always、every second、no aof_rewrite
如果是RDB: rdb_aof
fork是在主进程中执行的,如果fork慢,会影响到主进程的响应。
四、持久化源码分析
4.1 RDB持久化
4.1.1 RDB文件的创建
Redis是通过rdbSave函数来创建RDB文件的,SAVE 和 BGSAVE 会以不同的方式去调用rdbSave。
// src/rdb.c /* Save the DB on disk. Return C_ERR on error, C_OK on success. */ int rdbSave(char *filename, rdbSaveInfo *rsi) { char tmpfile[256]; char cwd[MAXPATHLEN]; /* Current working dir path for error messages. */ FILE *fp = NULL; rio rdb; int error = 0; snprintf(tmpfile,256,"temp-%d.rdb", (int) getpid()); fp = fopen(tmpfile,"w"); if (!fp) { char *cwdp = getcwd(cwd,MAXPATHLEN); serverLog(LL_WARNING, "Failed opening the RDB file %s (in server root dir %s) " "for saving: %s", filename, cwdp ? cwdp : "unknown", strerror(errno)); return C_ERR; } rioInitWithFile(&rdb,fp); startSaving(RDBFLAGS_NONE); if (server.rdb_save_incremental_fsync) rioSetAutoSync(&rdb,REDIS_AUTOSYNC_BYTES); if (rdbSaveRio(&rdb,&error,RDBFLAGS_NONE,rsi) == C_ERR) { errno = error; goto werr; } /* Make sure data will not remain on the OS's output buffers */ if (fflush(fp)) goto werr; if (fsync(fileno(fp))) goto werr; if (fclose(fp)) { fp = NULL; goto werr; } fp = NULL; /* Use RENAME to make sure the DB file is changed atomically only * if the generate DB file is ok. */ if (rename(tmpfile,filename) == -1) { char *cwdp = getcwd(cwd,MAXPATHLEN); serverLog(LL_WARNING, "Error moving temp DB file %s on the final " "destination %s (in server root dir %s): %s", tmpfile, filename, cwdp ? cwdp : "unknown", strerror(errno)); unlink(tmpfile); stopSaving(0); return C_ERR; } serverLog(LL_NOTICE,"DB saved on disk"); server.dirty = 0; server.lastsave = time(NULL); server.lastbgsave_status = C_OK; stopSaving(1); return C_OK; werr: serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Write error saving DB on disk: %s", strerror(errno)); if (fp) fclose(fp); unlink(tmpfile); stopSaving(0); return C_ERR; }
SAVE命令,在Redis主线程中执行,如果save时间太长会影响Redis的性能。
void saveCommand(client *c) { // 如果已经有子进程在进行RDB持久化 if (server.child_type == CHILD_TYPE_RDB) { addReplyError(c,"Background save already in progress"); return; } rdbSaveInfo rsi, *rsiptr; rsiptr = rdbPopulateSaveInfo(&rsi); // 持久化 if (rdbSave(server.rdb_filename,rsiptr) == C_OK) { addReply(c,shared.ok); } else { addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.err); } }
BGSAVE命令是通过执行rdbSaveBackground函数,可以看到rdbSave的调用时在子进程中。在BGSAVE执行期间,客户端发送的SAVE命令会被拒绝,禁止SAVE和BGSAVE同时执行,主要时为了防止主进程和子进程同时执行rdbSave,产生竞争;同理,也不能同时执行两个BGSAVE,也会产生竞争条件。
/* BGSAVE [SCHEDULE] */ void bgsaveCommand(client *c) { int schedule = 0; /* The SCHEDULE option changes the behavior of BGSAVE when an AOF rewrite * is in progress. Instead of returning an error a BGSAVE gets scheduled. */ if (c->argc > 1) { if (c->argc == 2 && !strcasecmp(c->argv[1]->ptr,"schedule")) { schedule = 1; } else { addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.syntaxerr); return; } } rdbSaveInfo rsi, *rsiptr; rsiptr = rdbPopulateSaveInfo(&rsi); if (server.child_type == CHILD_TYPE_RDB) { addReplyError(c,"Background save already in progress"); } else if (hasActiveChildProcess()) { if (schedule) { server.rdb_bgsave_scheduled = 1; addReplyStatus(c,"Background saving scheduled"); } else { addReplyError(c, "Another child process is active (AOF?): can't BGSAVE right now. " "Use BGSAVE SCHEDULE in order to schedule a BGSAVE whenever " "possible."); } } else if (rdbSaveBackground(server.rdb_filename,rsiptr) == C_OK) { addReplyStatus(c,"Background saving started"); } else { addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.err); } } int rdbSaveBackground(char *filename, rdbSaveInfo *rsi) { pid_t childpid; if (hasActiveChildProcess()) return C_ERR; server.dirty_before_bgsave = server.dirty; server.lastbgsave_try = time(NULL); // 子进程 if ((childpid = redisFork(CHILD_TYPE_RDB)) == 0) { int retval; /* Child */ redisSetProcTitle("redis-rdb-bgsave"); redisSetCpuAffinity(server.bgsave_cpulist); retval = rdbSave(filename,rsi); if (retval == C_OK) { sendChildCowInfo(CHILD_INFO_TYPE_RDB_COW_SIZE, "RDB"); } exitFromChild((retval == C_OK) ? 0 : 1); } else { /* Parent */ if (childpid == -1) { server.lastbgsave_status = C_ERR; serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Can't save in background: fork: %s", strerror(errno)); return C_ERR; } serverLog(LL_NOTICE,"Background saving started by pid %ld",(long) childpid); server.rdb_save_time_start = time(NULL); server.rdb_child_type = RDB_CHILD_TYPE_DISK; return C_OK; } return C_OK; /* unreached */ }
4.1.2 RDB文件的载入
Redis通过rdbLoad函数完成RDB文件的载入工作。Redis服务器在RDB的载入过程中会一直阻塞,直到完成加载。
int rdbLoad(char *filename, rdbSaveInfo *rsi, int rdbflags) { FILE *fp; rio rdb; int retval; if ((fp = fopen(filename,"r")) == NULL) return C_ERR; startLoadingFile(fp, filename,rdbflags); rioInitWithFile(&rdb,fp); retval = rdbLoadRio(&rdb,rdbflags,rsi); fclose(fp); stopLoading(retval==C_OK); return retval; }
4.2 AOF持久化
4.2.1 AOF持久化实现
- AOF命令追加:当Redis服务器执行完一个写命令后,会将该命令以协议格式追加到aof_buf缓冲区的末尾
- AOF文件的写入和同步:Redis服务是单线程的,主要在一个事件循环(event loop)中循环。Redis中事件分为文件事件和时间事件,文件事件负责接收客户端的命令请求和给客户端回复数据,时间事件负责执行定时任务。在一次的事件循环结束之前,都会调用flushAppendOnlyFile函数,该函数会根据redis.conf配置文件中的持久化策略决定何时将aof_buf缓冲区中的命令数据写入的AOF文件。
4.2.2 源码分析
// src/server.h /* Append only defines */ #define AOF_FSYNC_NO 0 #define AOF_FSYNC_ALWAYS 1 #define AOF_FSYNC_EVERYSEC 2 // src/aof.c void flushAppendOnlyFile(int force) { ssize_t nwritten; int sync_in_progress = 0; mstime_t latency; // 如果当前aof_buf缓冲区为空 if (sdslen(server.aof_buf) == 0) { /* Check if we need to do fsync even the aof buffer is empty, * because previously in AOF_FSYNC_EVERYSEC mode, fsync is * called only when aof buffer is not empty, so if users * stop write commands before fsync called in one second, * the data in page cache cannot be flushed in time. */ if (server.aof_fsync == AOF_FSYNC_EVERYSEC && server.aof_fsync_offset != server.aof_current_size && server.unixtime > server.aof_last_fsync && !(sync_in_progress = aofFsyncInProgress())) { goto try_fsync; } else { return; } } if (server.aof_fsync == AOF_FSYNC_EVERYSEC) sync_in_progress = aofFsyncInProgress(); if (server.aof_fsync == AOF_FSYNC_EVERYSEC && !force) { /* With this append fsync policy we do background fsyncing. * If the fsync is still in progress we can try to delay * the write for a couple of seconds. */ if (sync_in_progress) { if (server.aof_flush_postponed_start == 0) { /* No previous write postponing, remember that we are * postponing the flush and return. */ server.aof_flush_postponed_start = server.unixtime; return; } else if (server.unixtime - server.aof_flush_postponed_start < 2) { /* We were already waiting for fsync to finish, but for less * than two seconds this is still ok. Postpone again. */ return; } /* Otherwise fall trough, and go write since we can't wait * over two seconds. */ server.aof_delayed_fsync++; serverLog(LL_NOTICE,"Asynchronous AOF fsync is taking too long (disk is busy?). Writing the AOF buffer without waiting for fsync to complete, this may slow down Redis."); } } /* We want to perform a single write. This should be guaranteed atomic * at least if the filesystem we are writing is a real physical one. * While this will save us against the server being killed I don't think * there is much to do about the whole server stopping for power problems * or alike */ if (server.aof_flush_sleep && sdslen(server.aof_buf)) { usleep(server.aof_flush_sleep); } latencyStartMonitor(latency); nwritten = aofWrite(server.aof_fd,server.aof_buf,sdslen(server.aof_buf)); latencyEndMonitor(latency); /* We want to capture different events for delayed writes: * when the delay happens with a pending fsync, or with a saving child * active, and when the above two conditions are missing. * We also use an additional event name to save all samples which is * useful for graphing / monitoring purposes. */ if (sync_in_progress) { latencyAddSampleIfNeeded("aof-write-pending-fsync",latency); } else if (hasActiveChildProcess()) { latencyAddSampleIfNeeded("aof-write-active-child",latency); } else { latencyAddSampleIfNeeded("aof-write-alone",latency); } latencyAddSampleIfNeeded("aof-write",latency); /* We performed the write so reset the postponed flush sentinel to zero. */ server.aof_flush_postponed_start = 0; if (nwritten != (ssize_t)sdslen(server.aof_buf)) { static time_t last_write_error_log = 0; int can_log = 0; /* Limit logging rate to 1 line per AOF_WRITE_LOG_ERROR_RATE seconds. */ if ((server.unixtime - last_write_error_log) > AOF_WRITE_LOG_ERROR_RATE) { can_log = 1; last_write_error_log = server.unixtime; } /* Log the AOF write error and record the error code. */ if (nwritten == -1) { if (can_log) { serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Error writing to the AOF file: %s", strerror(errno)); server.aof_last_write_errno = errno; } } else { if (can_log) { serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Short write while writing to " "the AOF file: (nwritten=%lld, " "expected=%lld)", (long long)nwritten, (long long)sdslen(server.aof_buf)); } if (ftruncate(server.aof_fd, server.aof_current_size) == -1) { if (can_log) { serverLog(LL_WARNING, "Could not remove short write " "from the append-only file. Redis may refuse " "to load the AOF the next time it starts. " "ftruncate: %s", strerror(errno)); } } else { /* If the ftruncate() succeeded we can set nwritten to * -1 since there is no longer partial data into the AOF. */ nwritten = -1; } server.aof_last_write_errno = ENOSPC; } /* Handle the AOF write error. */ if (server.aof_fsync == AOF_FSYNC_ALWAYS) { /* We can't recover when the fsync policy is ALWAYS since the reply * for the client is already in the output buffers (both writes and * reads), and the changes to the db can't be rolled back. Since we * have a contract with the user that on acknowledged or observed * writes are is synced on disk, we must exit. */ serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Can't recover from AOF write error when the AOF fsync policy is 'always'. Exiting..."); exit(1); } else { /* Recover from failed write leaving data into the buffer. However * set an error to stop accepting writes as long as the error * condition is not cleared. */ server.aof_last_write_status = C_ERR; /* Trim the sds buffer if there was a partial write, and there * was no way to undo it with ftruncate(2). */ if (nwritten > 0) { server.aof_current_size += nwritten; sdsrange(server.aof_buf,nwritten,-1); } return; /* We'll try again on the next call... */ } } else { /* Successful write(2). If AOF was in error state, restore the * OK state and log the event. */ if (server.aof_last_write_status == C_ERR) { serverLog(LL_WARNING, "AOF write error looks solved, Redis can write again."); server.aof_last_write_status = C_OK; } } server.aof_current_size += nwritten; /* Re-use AOF buffer when it is small enough. The maximum comes from the * arena size of 4k minus some overhead (but is otherwise arbitrary). */ if ((sdslen(server.aof_buf)+sdsavail(server.aof_buf)) < 4000) { sdsclear(server.aof_buf); } else { sdsfree(server.aof_buf); server.aof_buf = sdsempty(); } try_fsync: /* Don't fsync if no-appendfsync-on-rewrite is set to yes and there are * children doing I/O in the background. */ if (server.aof_no_fsync_on_rewrite && hasActiveChildProcess()) return; /* Perform the fsync if needed. */ if (server.aof_fsync == AOF_FSYNC_ALWAYS) { /* redis_fsync is defined as fdatasync() for Linux in order to avoid * flushing metadata. */ latencyStartMonitor(latency); /* Let's try to get this data on the disk. To guarantee data safe when * the AOF fsync policy is 'always', we should exit if failed to fsync * AOF (see comment next to the exit(1) after write error above). */ if (redis_fsync(server.aof_fd) == -1) { serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Can't persist AOF for fsync error when the " "AOF fsync policy is 'always': %s. Exiting...", strerror(errno)); exit(1); } latencyEndMonitor(latency); latencyAddSampleIfNeeded("aof-fsync-always",latency); server.aof_fsync_offset = server.aof_current_size; server.aof_last_fsync = server.unixtime; } else if ((server.aof_fsync == AOF_FSYNC_EVERYSEC && server.unixtime > server.aof_last_fsync)) { if (!sync_in_progress) { aof_background_fsync(server.aof_fd); server.aof_fsync_offset = server.aof_current_size; } server.aof_last_fsync = server.unixtime; } }
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