Trie树(字典树)的介绍及Java实现
简介
Trie树,又称为前缀树或字典树,是一种有序树,用于保存关联数组,其中的键通常是字符串。与二叉查找树不同,键不是直接保存在节点中,而是由节点在树中的位置决定。一个节点的所有子孙都有相同的前缀,也就是这个节点对应的字符串,而根节点对应空字符串。
它的主要特点如下:
根节点不包含字符,除根节点外的每一个节点都只包含一个字符。
从根节点到某一节点,路径上经过的字符连接起来,为该节点对应的字符串。
每个节点的所有子节点包含的字符都不相同。
如下是一棵典型的Trie树:
Trie的来源是Retrieval,它常用于前缀匹配和词频统计。可能有人要说了,词频统计简单啊,一个hash或者一个堆就可以搞定,但问题来了,如果内存有限呢?还能这么 玩吗?所以这里我们就可以用trie树来压缩下空间,因为公共前缀都是用一个节点保存的。
1、定义
这里为了简化,只考虑了26个小写字母。
首先是节点的定义:
public class TrieNode { public TrieNode[] children; public char data; public int freq; public TrieNode() { //因为有26个字母 children = new TrieNode[26]; freq = 0; } }
然后是Trie树的定义:
public class TrieTree { private TrieNode root; public TrieTree(){ root=new TrieNode(); } ... }
2、插入
由于是26叉树,故可通过charArray[index]-‘a';来得知字符应该放在哪个孩子中。
public void insert(String word){ if(TextUtils.isEmpty(word)){ return; } insertNode(root,word.toCharArray(),0); } private static void insertNode(TrieNode rootNode,char[]charArray,int index){ int k=charArray[index]-'a'; if(k<0||k>25){ throw new RuntimeException("charArray[index] is not a alphabet!"); } if(rootNode.children[k]==null){ rootNode.children[k]=new TrieNode(); rootNode.children[k].data=charArray[index]; } if(index==charArray.length-1){ rootNode.children[k].freq++; return; }else{ insertNode(rootNode.children[k],charArray,index+1); } }
3、移除节点
移除操作中,需要对词频进行减一操作。
public void remove(String word){ if(TextUtils.isEmpty(word)){ return; } remove(root,word.toCharArray(),0); } private static void remove(TrieNode rootNode,char[]charArray,int index){ int k=charArray[index]-'a'; if(k<0||k>25){ throw new RuntimeException("charArray[index] is not a alphabet!"); } if(rootNode.children[k]==null){ //it means we cannot find the word in this tree return; } if(index==charArray.length-1&&rootNode.children[k].freq >0){ rootNode.children[k].freq--; } remove(rootNode.children[k],charArray,index+1); }
4、查找频率
public int getFreq(String word){ if(TextUtils.isEmpty(word)){ return 0; } return getFreq(root,word.toCharArray(),0); } private static int getFreq(TrieNode rootNode,char[]charArray,int index){ int k=charArray[index]-'a'; if(k<0||k>25){ throw new RuntimeException("charArray[index] is not a alphabet!"); } //it means the word is not in the tree if(rootNode.children[k]==null){ return 0; } if(index==charArray.length-1){ return rootNode.children[k].freq; } return getFreq(rootNode.children[k],charArray,index+1); }
5、测试
测试代码如下:
public static void test(){ TrieTree trieTree=new TrieTree(); String sourceStr="Democratic presumptive nominee Hillary Clintons campaign posed pounced on Trumps assertion that British term monetary turmoil might benefit his business venture in Scotland"; //String sourceStr="the that"; sourceStr=sourceStr.toLowerCase(); String[]strArray=sourceStr.split(" "); for(String str:strArray){ trieTree.insert(str); } String sourceStr2="Every president is tested by world events But Donald Trump thinks about how is his golf resort can profit from that"; sourceStr2=sourceStr2.toLowerCase(); String[]strArray2=sourceStr2.split(" "); for(String str:strArray2){ trieTree.insert(str); } BinaryTree.print("frequence of 'that':"+trieTree.getFreq("that")); BinaryTree.print("\nfrequence of 'donald':"+trieTree.getFreq("donald")); trieTree.remove("that"); BinaryTree.print("\nafter remove 'that' once,freq of 'that':"+trieTree.getFreq("that")); trieTree.remove("that"); BinaryTree.print("\nafter remove 'that' twice,freq of 'that':"+trieTree.getFreq("that")); trieTree.remove("donald"); BinaryTree.print("\nafter remove 'donald' once,freq of 'donald':"+trieTree.getFreq("donald")); BinaryTree.reallyStartPrint(); }
测试结果如下:
总结
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