Python开发的HTTP库requests详解

Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的 基于Python开发的HTTP 库，其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装，从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时，变得美好了许多，使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。

1. GET请求

 # 1、无参数实例

 import requests

 ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')

 print(ret.url)
 print(ret.text)

 # 2、有参数实例

 import requests

 payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
 ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)

 print(ret.url)
 print(ret.text)

2. POST请求

 # 1、基本POST实例

 import requests

 payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
 ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)

 print(ret.text)

 # 2、发送请求头和数据实例

 import requests
 import json

 url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
 payload = {'some': 'data'}
 headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}

 ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)

 print(ret.text)
 print(ret.cookies)

3. 其它请求

 requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)
 requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)
 requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs)
 requests.head(url, **kwargs)
 requests.delete(url, **kwargs)
 requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)
 requests.options(url, **kwargs)

 # 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建
 requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)

4. 请求参数

def request(method, url, **kwargs):
  """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.

  :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
  :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
  :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
  :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
  :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
  :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
  :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
  :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
    ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
    or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string
    defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
    to add for the file.
  :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
  :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
    before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
    timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
  :type timeout: float or tuple
  :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
  :type allow_redirects: bool
  :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
  :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
  :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
  :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
  :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
  :rtype: requests.Response

  Usage::

   >>> import requests
   >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
   <Response [200]>
  """

5. 参数示例

def param_method_url():
  # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
  # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
  pass

def param_param():
  # - 可以是字典
  # - 可以是字符串
  # - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内）

  # requests.request(method='get',
  # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

  # requests.request(method='get',
  # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")

  # requests.request(method='get',
  # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))

  # 错误
  # requests.request(method='get',
  # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
  pass

def param_data():
  # 可以是字典
  # 可以是字符串
  # 可以是字节
  # 可以是文件对象

  # requests.request(method='POST',
  # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

  # requests.request(method='POST',
  # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"
  # )

  # requests.request(method='POST',
  # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",
  # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
  # )

  # requests.request(method='POST',
  # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
  # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
  # )
  pass

def param_json():
  # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...)
  # 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
  requests.request(method='POST',
           url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
           json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

def param_headers():
  # 发送请求头到服务器端
  requests.request(method='POST',
           url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
           json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'},
           headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
           )

def param_cookies():
  # 发送Cookie到服务器端
  requests.request(method='POST',
           url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
           data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
           cookies={'cook1': 'value1'},
           )
  # 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装）
  from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
  from http.cookiejar import Cookie

  obj = CookieJar()
  obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None,
             discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False,
             port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)
          )
  requests.request(method='POST',
           url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
           data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
           cookies=obj)

def param_files():
  # 发送文件
  # file_dict = {
  # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')
  # }
  # requests.request(method='POST',
  # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  # files=file_dict)

  # 发送文件，定制文件名
  # file_dict = {
  # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))
  # }
  # requests.request(method='POST',
  # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  # files=file_dict)

  # 发送文件，定制文件名
  # file_dict = {
  # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
  # }
  # requests.request(method='POST',
  # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  # files=file_dict)

  # 发送文件，定制文件名
  # file_dict = {
  #   'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})
  # }
  # requests.request(method='POST',
  #         url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  #         files=file_dict)

  pass

def param_auth():
  from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth

  ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))
  print(ret.text)

  # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',
  # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))
  # ret.encoding = 'gbk'
  # print(ret.text)

  # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
  # print(ret)
  #

def param_timeout():
  # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)
  # print(ret)

  # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))
  # print(ret)
  pass

def param_allow_redirects():
  ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)
  print(ret.text)

def param_proxies():
  # proxies = {
  # "http": "61.172.249.96:80",
  # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",
  # }

  # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}

  # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)
  # print(ret.headers)

  # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
  #
  # proxyDict = {
  # 'http': '77.75.105.165',
  # 'https': '77.75.105.165'
  # }
  # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')
  #
  # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
  # print(r.text)

  pass

def param_stream():
  ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)
  print(ret.content)
  ret.close()

  # from contextlib import closing
  # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:
  # # 在此处理响应。
  # for i in r.iter_content():
  # print(i)

def requests_session():
  import requests

  session = requests.Session()

  ### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie

  i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")

  ### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
  i2 = session.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
    data={
      'phone': "8615131255089",
      'password': "xxxxxx",
      'oneMonth': ""
    }
  )

  i3 = session.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",
  )
  print(i3.text)

6. requests模拟登陆GitHub

 import requests
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

 def login_github():
   """
   通过requests模块模拟浏览器登陆GitHub
   :return:
   """
   # 获取csrf_token
   r1 = requests.get('https://github.com/login')  # 获得get请求的对象
   s1 = BeautifulSoup(r1.text, 'html.parser')   # 使用bs4解析HTML对象
   token = s1.find('input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'}).get('value')   # 获取登陆授权码，即csrf_token
   get_cookies = r1.cookies.get_dict()   # 获取get请求的cookies，post请求时必须携带

   # 发送post登陆请求
   '''
   post登陆参数
   commit  Sign+in
   utf8  ✓
   authenticity_token  E961jQMIyC9NPwL54YPj70gv2hbXWJ…fTUd+e4lT5RAizKbfzQo4eRHsfg==
   login  JackUpDown（用户名）
   password  **********（密码）
   '''
   r2 = requests.post(
     'https://github.com/session',
     data={
       'commit': 'Sign+in',
       'utf8': '✓',
       'authenticity_token': token,
       'login': 'JackUpDown',
       'password': '**********'
     },
     cookies=get_cookies   # 携带get请求的cookies
            )
   login_cookies = r2.cookies.get_dict()  # 获得登陆成功的cookies，携带此cookies就可以访问任意GitHub页面

   # 携带post cookies跳转任意页面
   r3 = requests.get('https://github.com/settings/emails', cookies=login_cookies)
   print(r3.text)