Spring创建bean实例的几种方式分享
目录
- 前言
- 环境
- 通过bean的class属性创建实例(带参构造器)
- 工厂方法(静态工厂方法)
- 工厂方法(实例工厂方法)
- 工厂bean
- 总结
前言
Spring常见的创建bean实例的方式有:
1.通过bean的class属性创建实例
- 无参构造器
- 带参构造器
2.工厂方法
- 静态工厂方法
- 实例工厂方法
3.工厂bean
关于每种方式的Spring配置,详见文末总结。
环境
- Ubuntu 22.04
- IntelliJ IDEA 2022.1.3
- JDK 17.0.3
- Spring 5.3.21 准备
创建Maven项目 test0705
。
修改 pom.xml 文件,添加依赖:
...... <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/junit/junit --> <dependency> <groupId>junit</groupId> <artifactId>junit</artifactId> <version>4.13.2</version> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-webmvc --> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId> <version>5.3.21</version> </dependency> ......
在 src/main/resources
目录下创建 applicationContext.xml
文件:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"> </beans>
在 src/test/java
目录下创建测试:
public class Test0705 { }
通过bean的class属性创建实例(无参构造器)
注:这是最常见的创建bean的方式。我其它文档也用过相似代码。如果已熟悉可直接略过。
创建如下POJO:
Axe
:Axe接口;StoneAxe
:Axe实现类;SteelAxe
:Axe实现类;Person
:Person持有Axe;
package pojo; public interface Axe { public void chop(); }
package pojo; public class StoneAxe implements Axe{ public StoneAxe() { System.out.println("StoneAxe constructor"); } @Override public void chop() { System.out.println("Stone axe!"); } }
package pojo; public class SteelAxe implements Axe{ public SteelAxe() { System.out.println("SteelAxe constructor"); } @Override public void chop() { System.out.println("Steel axe!"); } }
package pojo; public class Person { private String name; private Axe axe; public void setAxe(Axe axe) { this.axe = axe; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public Person() { System.out.println("Person constructor"); } public void useAxe() { System.out.println("I am " + name); axe.chop(); } }
在 applicationContext.xml
中注册bean:
...... <bean id="stoneAxe" class="pojo.StoneAxe"/> <bean id="steelAxe" class="pojo.SteelAxe"/> <bean id="person" class="pojo.Person"> <property name="name" value="Tom"/> <property name="axe" ref="stoneAxe"/> </bean> ......
创建测试用例:
@Test public void test1() { var ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml"); System.out.println("before getBean person"); var person = ctx.getBean("person", Person.class); person.useAxe(); }
运行测试,如下:
StoneAxe constructor SteelAxe constructor Person constructor before getBean person I am Tom Stone axe!
通过bean的class属性创建实例(带参构造器)
注:这是较为常见的创建bean的方式。我其它文档也用过相似代码。如果已熟悉可直接略过。
创建如下POJO:
Book
:Book接口;PlayBook
:Book实现类;StudyBook
:Book实现类;Student
:Student持有Book;
package pojo; public interface Book { public void show(); }
package pojo; public class PlayBook implements Book{ public PlayBook() { System.out.println("PlayBook constructor"); } @Override public void show() { System.out.println("Play book!"); } }
package pojo; public class StudyBook implements Book{ public StudyBook() { System.out.println("StudyBook constructor"); } @Override public void show() { System.out.println("Study book!"); } }
package pojo; public class Student { private String name; private Book book; public Student(String name, Book book) { System.out.println("Student constructor"); this.name = name; this.book = book; } public void readBook() { System.out.println("I am " + name); book.show(); } }
在 applicationContext.xml
中注册bean:
...... <bean id="playBook" class="pojo.PlayBook"/> <bean id="studyBook" class="pojo.StudyBook"/> <bean id="student" class="pojo.Student"> <constructor-arg index="0" value="Jerry"/> <constructor-arg index="1" ref="playBook"/> </bean> ......
创建测试用例:
@Test public void test2() { var ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml"); System.out.println("before getBean student"); var student = ctx.getBean("student", Student.class); student.readBook(); }
运行测试,如下:
......
PlayBook constructor
StudyBook constructor
Student constructor
before getBean student
I am Jerry
Play book!
工厂方法(静态工厂方法)
配置:
class
属性指向静态工厂类factory-method
属性指向静态工厂方法
注:如果静态工厂方法需要参数,则通过 constructor-arg
来指定。
例如:
<bean id="dog" class="factory.AnimalFactory" factory-method="getAnimal"> <constructor-arg value="dog"/> <property name="name" value="Snoopy"/> </bean>
当调用 ctx.getBean("dog")
时,Spring会调用 AnimalFactory
类的静态方法 getAnimal()
,并传入参数 "dog"
,创建一个Animal的实例并返回。
注:同普通的bean一样,其默认scope是 singleton
,多次调用 ctx.getBean("dog")
返回的是同一个实例(在Spring初始化时生产bean)。
完整例子如下:
创建如下POJO:
Animal
:Animal接口;Dog
:Animal实现类;Cat
:Animal实现类;
package pojo; public interface Animal { public void cry(); }
package pojo; public class Dog implements Animal{ private String name; public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public Dog() { System.out.println("Dog constructor"); } @Override public void cry() { System.out.println("I am " + name); System.out.println("Wang wang..."); } }
package pojo; public class Cat implements Animal{ private String name; public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public Cat() { System.out.println("Cat constructor"); } @Override public void cry() { System.out.println("I am " + name); System.out.println("Miao Miao..."); } }
创建工厂类 AnimalFactory
:
package factory; import pojo.Animal; import pojo.Cat; import pojo.Dog; public class AnimalFactory { public static Animal getAnimal(String type) { System.out.println("creating new Animal object"); if (type.equalsIgnoreCase("dog")) { return new Dog(); } else if (type.equalsIgnoreCase("cat")) { return new Cat(); } else { return null; } } }
在 applicationContext.xml
中注册bean:
<bean id="dog" class="factory.AnimalFactory" factory-method="getAnimal"> <constructor-arg value="dog"/> <property name="name" value="Snoopy"/> </bean> <bean id="cat" class="factory.AnimalFactory" factory-method="getAnimal"> <constructor-arg value="cat"/> <property name="name" value="Kitty"/> </bean>
创建测试用例:
@Test public void test3() { var ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml"); System.out.println("before getBean dog cat"); var animal1 = ctx.getBean("dog", Animal.class); animal1.cry(); var animal2 = ctx.getBean("cat", Animal.class); animal2.cry(); }
运行测试,如下:
creating new Animal object
Dog constructor
creating new Animal object
Cat constructor
before getBean dog cat
I am Snoopy
Wang wang...
I am Kitty
Miao Miao...
工厂方法(实例工厂方法)
实例工厂方法跟静态工厂方法很相像,主要区别是:
- 静态工厂方法:不用实例化工厂,只需直接调用工厂类的静态工厂方法;
- 实例工厂方法:工厂方法不是静态的,因此需要通过
factory-bean
来指定工厂类的实例。
比如:
<bean id="fruitFactory" class="factory.FruitFactory"/> <bean id="apple" factory-bean="fruitFactory" factory-method="getFruit"> <constructor-arg value="apple"/> <property name="name" value="Fuji"/> </bean>
其它都一样。
完整例子如下:
创建如下POJO:
Fruit
:Fruit接口;Apple
:Fruit实现类;Banana
:Fruit实现类;
package pojo; public interface Fruit { public void describe(); }
package pojo; public class Apple implements Fruit { private String name; public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public Apple() { System.out.println("Apple constructor"); } @Override public void describe() { System.out.println("I am " + name); System.out.println("Juicy!"); } }
package pojo; public class Banana implements Fruit { private String name; public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public Banana() { System.out.println("Banana constructor"); } @Override public void describe() { System.out.println("I am " + name); System.out.println("Sweet!"); } }
创建工厂类 FruitFactory
:
package factory; import pojo.Apple; import pojo.Banana; import pojo.Fruit; public class FruitFactory { public Fruit getFruit(String type) { System.out.println("creating new Fruit object"); if (type.equalsIgnoreCase("apple")) { return new Apple(); } else if (type.equalsIgnoreCase("banana")) { return new Banana(); } else { return null; } } }
在 applicationContext.xml
中注册bean:
...... <bean id="fruitFactory" class="factory.FruitFactory"/> <bean id="apple" factory-bean="fruitFactory" factory-method="getFruit"> <constructor-arg value="apple"/> <property name="name" value="Fuji"/> </bean> <bean id="banana" factory-bean="fruitFactory" factory-method="getFruit"> <constructor-arg value="banana"/> <property name="name" value="Pisang"/> </bean> ......
创建测试用例:
@Test public void test4() { var ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml"); System.out.println("before getBean apple banana"); var fruit1 = ctx.getBean("apple", Fruit.class); fruit1.describe(); var fruit2 = ctx.getBean("banana", Fruit.class); fruit2.describe(); }
运行测试,如下:
creating new Fruit object
Apple constructor
creating new Fruit object
Banana constructor
before getBean apple banana
I am Fuji
Juicy!
I am Pisang
Sweet!
工厂bean
工厂bean是指实现了 FactoryBean
接口的类。
FactoryBean
接口有3个方法:
T getObject() throws
:创建产品实例;Class<?> getObjectType()
:获取产品的类;default boolean isSingleton() {return true;}
:是否单例,默认值为true;
实现 FactoryBean
接口,则无需再配置 factory-method
,Spring知道如何创建产品(通过 getObject()
方法)。
比如:
<bean id="benz" class="factory.CarFactoryBean"> <property name="type" value="benz"/> </bean>
注意:该配置看起来很像普通的bean,实际上因为 CarFactoryBean
实现了 FactoryBean
接口,当调用 ctx.getBean("benz")
方法时,返回的并不是 CarFactoryBean
的实例,而是其 getObject()
方法的返回值。
注:默认scope是 singleton
,多次调用 ctx.getBean("dog")
返回的是同一个实例。如果在 CarFactoryBean
中override isSingleton()
方法并返回false,则每次调用ctx.getBean("benz")
返回的是不同对象。
注:工厂bean跟其它bean有一点不同,即使是singleton,它也不是在Spring初始化时生产bean,而是在第一次调用 ctx.getBean()
时才生产bean。
完整例子如下:
创建如下POJO:
Car
:Car接口;Benz
:Car实现类;Audi
:Car实现类;
package pojo; public interface Car { public void run(); }
package pojo; public class Benz implements Car{ public Benz() { System.out.println("Benz constructor"); } @Override public void run() { System.out.println("Go go go!"); } }
package pojo; public class Audi implements Car{ public Audi() { System.out.println("Audi constructor"); } @Override public void run() { System.out.println("OOOO"); } }
创建工厂类 FactoryBean
:
package factory; import org.springframework.beans.factory.FactoryBean; import pojo.Audi; import pojo.Benz; import pojo.Car; public class CarFactoryBean implements FactoryBean { private String type; public void setType(String type) { this.type = type; } @Override public Object getObject() throws Exception { System.out.println("creating new Car object"); if (type.equalsIgnoreCase("benz")) { return new Benz(); } else if (type.equalsIgnoreCase("audi")) { return new Audi(); } else return null; } @Override public Class<?> getObjectType() { return Car.class; } }
在 applicationContext.xml
中注册bean:
...... <bean id="benz" class="factory.CarFactoryBean"> <property name="type" value="benz"/> </bean> <bean id="audi" class="factory.CarFactoryBean"> <property name="type" value="audi"/> </bean> ......
创建测试用例:
@Test public void test5() { var ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml"); System.out.println("before getBean benz audi"); var car1 = ctx.getBean("benz", Car.class); car1.run(); var car2 = ctx.getBean("audi", Car.class); car2.run(); }
运行测试,如下:
before getBean benz audi
creating new Car object
Benz constructor
Go go go!
creating new Car object
Audi constructor
OOOO
总结
...... <!-- 通过bean的class属性创建bean实例(无参构造器) --> <bean id="stoneAxe" class="pojo.StoneAxe"/> <bean id="steelAxe" class="pojo.SteelAxe"/> <bean id="person" class="pojo.Person"> <property name="name" value="Tom"/> <property name="axe" ref="stoneAxe"/> </bean> <!-- 通过bean的class属性创建bean实例(带参构造器) --> <bean id="playBook" class="pojo.PlayBook"/> <bean id="studyBook" class="pojo.StudyBook"/> <bean id="student" class="pojo.Student"> <constructor-arg index="0" value="Jerry"/> <constructor-arg index="1" ref="playBook"/> </bean> <!-- 通过静态工厂方法创建bean实例 --> <bean id="dog" class="factory.AnimalFactory" factory-method="getAnimal"> <constructor-arg value="dog"/> <property name="name" value="Snoopy"/> </bean> <bean id="cat" class="factory.AnimalFactory" factory-method="getAnimal"> <constructor-arg value="cat"/> <property name="name" value="Kitty"/> </bean> <!-- 通过实例工厂方法创建bean实例 --> <bean id="fruitFactory" class="factory.FruitFactory"/> <bean id="apple" factory-bean="fruitFactory" factory-method="getFruit"> <constructor-arg value="apple"/> <property name="name" value="Fuji"/> </bean> <bean id="banana" factory-bean="fruitFactory" factory-method="getFruit"> <constructor-arg value="banana"/> <property name="name" value="Pisang"/> </bean> <!-- 通过工厂bean创建bean实例 --> <bean id="benz" class="factory.CarFactoryBean"> <property name="type" value="benz"/> </bean> <bean id="audi" class="factory.CarFactoryBean"> <property name="type" value="audi"/> </bean> ......
此外,有几点说明:
使用工厂bean来管理的bean,即使scope是 singleton
,也并不是在Spring初始化时生产对象的,而是在第一次调用 ctx.getBean()
方法时生产的。
Spring整合MyBatis,使用了 SqlSessionFactoryBean
、 MapperFactoryBean
,这两个就是工厂bean,它们实现了 FactoryBean
接口。前者生产 SqlSessionFactory
,后者生产 Mapper
。比如:
<!-- sqlSessionFactory --> <bean id="sqlSessionFactory" class="org.mybatis.spring.SqlSessionFactoryBean"> <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource" /> <!-- <property name="configLocation" value="classpath:mybatis-config.xml"/>--> <property name="mapperLocations" value="classpath:dao/*.xml"/> <property name="transactionFactory"> <bean class="org.apache.ibatis.transaction.managed.ManagedTransactionFactory" /> </property> </bean> <bean id="myMapper" class="org.mybatis.spring.mapper.MapperFactoryBean"> <property name="mapperInterface" value="dao.MyMapper" /> <property name="sqlSessionFactory" ref="sqlSessionFactory" /> </bean>
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