python 使用pygame工具包实现贪吃蛇游戏(多彩版)

今天我们用python和python的工具包pygame来编写一个贪吃蛇的小游戏

贪吃蛇游戏功能介绍

贪吃蛇的游戏规则如下：

通过上下左右键或者WASD键来移动蛇来，让它吃到食物，每吃到食物，蛇的长度变长，并获得分数。若蛇碰到游戏边际

或者自身，则蛇死亡，游戏结束。

游戏设计思路

根据游戏规则，我们需要：

1.初始化游戏环境。

2.初始化蛇、食物

3.监听键盘动作

4.蛇的运动，吃食物，是否死亡

5.该局游戏结束，是否还有再玩。

其中的难点在于如何在屏幕上展示蛇的运动，其实我们肉眼所见的蛇的运动并不是真实的，而是在后台通过刷新蛇的坐标而实现的。即可以创建一个蛇的坐标列表，每移动一次，则新的坐标加入，同时删除末尾坐标，看起来像是蛇的在移动。

一个简单地设计框图如下：

代码实现

'''
my_snake.py
@author HelloWorld!
@time:2019.10.27

'''

import random
import pygame
import sys
from pygame.locals import *

windows_width=800 #游戏窗口的大小，原点在左上角
windows_height=600

cell_size=20  #snake 的大小，需被窗口长宽整除

#一些颜色定义
white = (255, 255, 255)
black = (0, 0, 0)
gray = (230, 230, 230)
dark_gray = (40, 40, 40)
DARKGreen = (0, 155, 0)
Green = (0, 255, 0)
Red = (255, 0, 0)
blue = (0, 0, 255)
dark_blue =(0,0, 139)

BG_COLOR = (184,224,217)

#贪吃蛇的地图尺寸
map_width = int(windows_width / cell_size)
map_height = int(windows_height / cell_size)

#蛇的移动速度
snake_speed=5

#方向定义
UP = 1
DOWN = 2
LEFT = 3
RIGHT = 4

#主函数
def main_game():
  pygame.init() #初始化gygame
  screen=pygame.display.set_mode((windows_width,windows_height))
  pygame.display.set_caption("贪吃蛇游戏")
  snake_speed_clock = pygame.time.Clock() # 创建Pygame时钟对象
  screen.fill(white)

  while True:
    run_game(screen,snake_speed_clock) #游戏主体
    gameover(screen)        #游戏结束

def run_game(screen,snake_speed_clock):
  #初始化蛇的位置，方向，食物的位置
  start_x=random.randint(3,map_width-8)
  start_y=random.randint(3,map_width-8)
  snake_coords=[{'x':start_x,'y':start_y},{'x':start_x-1,'y':start_y},{'x':start_x-2,'y':start_y}]#初始化snake，也可以用列表的的列表
  direction = RIGHT
  food=get_random_location()

  #循环
  while True:
    for event in pygame.event.get(): #键盘事件监听
      if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
        pygame.quit()
        sys.exit()
      elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN: #按键事件
        if (event.key==K_LEFT or event.key==K_a) and direction!=RIGHT:
          direction=LEFT
        elif (event.key==K_RIGHT or event.key==K_d) and direction!=LEFT:
          direction=RIGHT
        elif (event.key == K_UP or event.key == K_w) and direction != DOWN:
          direction = UP
        elif (event.key == K_DOWN or event.key == K_s) and direction != UP:
          direction = DOWN
        elif event.key == K_ESCAPE:
          pygame.quit()
          sys.exit()

    snake_move(direction,snake_coords) #根据方向，移动蛇

    alive=snake_is_alive(snake_coords)  #判断蛇的死活
    if not alive:            #如果挂了，则终止循环，跳出run_game函数，执行gameover
      break
    snake_eat_foods(snake_coords,food)  #没挂，则看看迟到食物了吗
    screen.fill(BG_COLOR)        #游戏背景刷新

    #下面draw，是把蛇食物等画出来
    draw_snake(screen, snake_coords)
    draw_food(screen,food)
    draw_score(screen, len(snake_coords) - 3)
    # draw_grid(screen)
    pygame.display.flip()

    #控制执行次数
    snake_speed_clock.tick(snake_speed) # 控制fps

#根据移动方向，更新蛇头坐标
def snake_move(directtion,snake_coords):
  if directtion==UP:
    newHead={'x':snake_coords[0]['x'],'y':snake_coords[0]['y']-1}
  elif directtion==DOWN:
    newHead = {'x': snake_coords[0]['x'], 'y': snake_coords[0]['y'] + 1}
  elif directtion==LEFT:
    newHead = {'x': snake_coords[0]['x']-1, 'y': snake_coords[0]['y'] }
  elif directtion == RIGHT:
    newHead = {'x': snake_coords[0]['x']+1, 'y': snake_coords[0]['y']}
  snake_coords.insert(0,newHead)

def snake_is_alive(snake_coords): #碰壁或者碰到自身就是死了
  alive=True
  if snake_coords[0]['x'] == -1 or snake_coords[0]['x'] == map_width or snake_coords[0]['y'] == -1 or \
  snake_coords[0]['y'] == map_height:
    alive=False
  for snake_body in snake_coords[1:]:
    if snake_coords[0]['x']==snake_body['x'] and snake_coords[0]['y']==snake_body['y']:
      alive=False
  return alive

#坐标重合，表示吃到食物了，否则就没有，则移动，把
def snake_eat_foods(snake_coords,food):
  if snake_coords[0]['x']==food['x'] and snake_coords[0]['y']==food['y']:
    food['x']=random.randint(0, map_width-1)
    food['y']=random.randint(0, map_height-1)
  else:
    del snake_coords[-1]

def get_random_location(): #食物的坐标随机生成
  return {'x':random.randint(0,map_width-1),'y':random.randint(0,map_height-1)}

def draw_snake(screen, snake_coords):
  for coord in snake_coords:
    x=coord['x']*cell_size
    y=coord['y']*cell_size
    segmentRect=pygame.Rect(x,y,cell_size,cell_size)
    pygame.draw.rect(screen,dark_blue,segmentRect)

def draw_food(screen,food):
  x=food['x']*cell_size
  y=food['y']*cell_size

  foodRect=pygame.Rect(x,y,cell_size,cell_size)
  pygame.draw.rect(screen,Red,foodRect)

def draw_grid(screen):
  for x in range(0,windows_width,cell_size):
    pygame.draw.line(screen,gray,(x,0),(x,windows_height))
  for y in range(0,windows_height,cell_size):
    pygame.draw.line(screen,gray,(0,y),(windows_width,y))
def draw_score(screen, score):
  font = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 40)
  score_str = "{:,}".format(score)
  score_image=font.render('Score: '+score_str,True,Green,gray)
  score_rect=score_image.get_rect()

  score_rect.topleft=(windows_width-200,10)
  screen.blit(score_image, score_rect)

def gameover(screen):
  font=pygame.font.SysFont(None, 40)
  tips=font.render('Press Q or ESC to quit; Press anykey to continue',True, (65, 105, 225))
  screen.blit(tips,(80, 300))
  pygame.display.update()
  while True:
    for event in pygame.event.get():
      if event.type==QUIT:
        pygame.quit()
        sys.exit()
      elif event.type == KEYDOWN:
        if event.key == K_ESCAPE or event.key == K_q: # 终止程序
          pygame.quit()
          sys.exit() # 终止程序
        else:
          return # 结束此函数, 重新开始游戏

if __name__=='__main__':
  main_game()

功能抽象及多彩化设计

上面的实现中，我们采用的面向过程的实现方法，没有抽象，如果要设计更大的游戏则是不行的。我们可以采用抽象的方法，让实现更加条理化，同时逻辑更清晰。

同时，如果让食物的颜色不同，同时蛇吃到什么颜色的食物，那么它身体的一部分就变成相应的颜色，那么最终蛇会变成一条多彩蛇，想必很有意思。

下面我们结合上述两点来实现新的功能。代码如下：

'''
@colorful_snake.py
@author HelloWorld!
@time:2019.10.27
@ class is used to design a snake game
'''
import random
import pygame
from pygame.locals import *
import sys
class Settings():
  def __init__(self):
    self.windows_width=800 #游戏窗口的大小，原点在左上角
    self.windows_height=600
    self.BG_COLOR = (184,224,217)
    self.cell_size=20  #snake 的大小，需被窗口长宽整除
    self.map_width = int(self.windows_width / self.cell_size)
    self.map_height = int(self.windows_height / self.cell_size)
    self.Green = (0, 255, 0)
    self.Red = (255, 0, 0)
    self.Blue = (0, 0, 255)
    self.orange=(255,128,0)
    self.purple=(128, 0, 255)
    self.black = (0, 0, 0)
    self.white = (255, 255, 255)
    self.dark_blue = (0, 0, 139)
    self.gray = (230, 230, 230)
    #方向
    self.UP = 1
    self.DOWN = 2
    self.LEFT = 3
    self.RIGHT = 4
class Snake():
  def __init__(self,settings):
    self.cell_size=settings.cell_size
    self.snake_coords=[]
    self.direction=settings.RIGHT
    self.snake_speed=5
    self.initialize_snake(settings)
  def initialize_snake(self,settings):
    # [{'x':start_x,'y':start_y},{'x':start_x-1,'y':start_y},{'x':start_x-2,'y':start_y}]#初始化snake，也可以用列表的的列表
    start_x = random.randint(3, settings.map_width - 8)
    start_y = random.randint(3, settings.map_width - 8)
    snake_coords = [{'x': start_x, 'y': start_y,'color':settings.dark_blue}, {'x': start_x - 1, 'y': start_y,'color':settings.dark_blue},
            {'x': start_x - 2, 'y': start_y,'color':settings.dark_blue}] # 初始化snake，也可以用列表的的列表
    self.snake_coords=snake_coords
  def snake_move(self,settings):
    if self.direction == settings.UP:
      newHead = {'x': self.snake_coords[0]['x'], 'y': self.snake_coords[0]['y'] - 1,'color':settings.dark_blue}
    elif self.direction == settings.DOWN:
      newHead = {'x': self.snake_coords[0]['x'], 'y': self.snake_coords[0]['y'] + 1,'color':settings.dark_blue}
    elif self.direction == settings.LEFT:
      newHead = {'x': self.snake_coords[0]['x'] - 1, 'y': self.snake_coords[0]['y'],'color':settings.dark_blue}
    elif self.direction == settings.RIGHT:
      newHead = {'x': self.snake_coords[0]['x'] + 1, 'y': self.snake_coords[0]['y'],'color':settings.dark_blue}
    self.snake_coords.insert(0, newHead)
  def snake_is_alive(self,settings):# 碰壁或者碰到自身就是死了
    alive = True
    if self.snake_coords[0]['x'] == -1 or self.snake_coords[0]['x'] == settings.map_width or self.snake_coords[0]['y'] == -1 or \
        self.snake_coords[0]['y'] ==settings.map_height:
      alive = False
    for snake_body in self.snake_coords[1:]:
      if self.snake_coords[0]['x'] == snake_body['x'] and self.snake_coords[0]['y'] == snake_body['y']:
        alive = False
    return alive
class Food():
  def __init__(self,settings):
    self.cell_size=settings.cell_size
    self.color=self.initialize_food(settings)
    self.x= random.randint(0, settings.map_width - 1)
    self.y= random.randint(0, settings.map_height - 1)
  def initialize_food(self,settings):
    colors=[settings.Green,settings.Red,settings.Blue,settings.orange,settings.purple,settings.black]
    color=random.choice(colors)
    return color
class GameFunction():
  def __init__(self,screen):
    self.screen=screen
  def check_event(self,snake,settings):
    for event in pygame.event.get(): #键盘事件监听
      if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
        pygame.quit()
        sys.exit()
      elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN: #按键事件
        if (event.key==K_LEFT or event.key==K_a) and snake.direction!=settings.RIGHT:
          snake.direction=settings.LEFT
        elif (event.key==K_RIGHT or event.key==K_d) and snake.direction!=settings.LEFT:
          snake.direction=settings.RIGHT
        elif (event.key == K_UP or event.key == K_w) and snake.direction != settings.DOWN:
          snake.direction = settings.UP
        elif (event.key == K_DOWN or event.key == K_s) and snake.direction != settings.UP:
          snake.direction = settings.DOWN
        elif event.key == K_ESCAPE:
          pygame.quit()
          sys.exit()
  def snake_eat_foods(self,snake,food,settings):
    if snake.snake_coords[0]['x'] == food.x and snake.snake_coords[0]['y'] == food.y:
      snake.snake_coords[0]['color'] = food.color
      food.x = random.randint(0, settings.map_width - 1)
      food.y = random.randint(0, settings.map_height - 1)
      food.color=food.initialize_food(settings)
    else:
      for i in range(len(snake.snake_coords)-1):
        snake.snake_coords[i]['color']=snake.snake_coords[i+1]['color']
      del snake.snake_coords[-1]
  def update(self,snake,food,settings,screen,snake_speed_clock):
    screen.fill(settings.BG_COLOR) # 游戏背景刷新
    # 下面draw，是把蛇食物等画出来
    self.draw_snake(screen, snake)
    self.draw_food(screen, food)
    self.draw_score(screen,snake,settings)
    self.draw_grid(screen,settings)
    pygame.display.flip()
    # 控制执行次数
    snake_speed_clock.tick(snake.snake_speed) # 控制fps
  def draw_snake(self,screen,snake):
    for coord in snake.snake_coords:
      x = coord['x'] * snake.cell_size
      y = coord['y'] * snake.cell_size
      segmentRect = pygame.Rect(x, y, snake.cell_size, snake.cell_size)
      pygame.draw.rect(screen, coord['color'], segmentRect)
  def draw_food(self,screen, food):
    x = food.x* food.cell_size
    y = food.y * food.cell_size
    foodRect = pygame.Rect(x, y, food.cell_size, food.cell_size)
    pygame.draw.rect(screen, food.color, foodRect)
  def draw_grid(self,screen,settings):
    for x in range(0, settings.windows_width, settings.cell_size):
      pygame.draw.line(screen, settings.gray, (x, 0), (x, settings.windows_height))
    for y in range(0, settings.windows_height,settings.cell_size):
      pygame.draw.line(screen, settings.gray, (0, y), (settings.windows_width, y))
  def draw_score(self,screen, snake,settings):
    score=len(snake.snake_coords)-3
    font = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 40)
    score_str = "{:,}".format(score)
    score_image = font.render('Score: ' + score_str, True, settings.Green, settings.gray)
    score_rect = score_image.get_rect()
    score_rect.topleft = (settings.windows_width - 200, 10)
    screen.blit(score_image, score_rect)
  def gameover(self,screen):
    font = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 40)
    tips = font.render('Press Q or ESC to quit; Press anykey to continue', True, (65, 105, 225))
    screen.blit(tips, (80, 300))
    pygame.display.update()
    while True:
      for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == QUIT:
          pygame.quit()
          sys.exit()
        elif event.type == KEYDOWN:
          if event.key == K_ESCAPE or event.key == K_q: # 终止程序
            pygame.quit()
            sys.exit() # 终止程序
          else:
            return # 结束此函数, 重新开始游戏
#主函数
def main_game():
  pygame.init() #初始化gygame
  settings=Settings()
  screen=pygame.display.set_mode((settings.windows_width,settings.windows_height))
  pygame.display.set_caption("贪吃蛇游戏")
  snake_speed_clock = pygame.time.Clock() # 创建Pygame时钟对象
  screen.fill(settings.white)
  gf=GameFunction(screen)
  while True:
    snake = Snake(settings)
    food = Food(settings)
    while True:
      gf.check_event(snake,settings)
      snake.snake_move(settings)
      alive = snake.snake_is_alive(settings) # 判断蛇的死活
      if not alive: # 如果挂了，则终止循环，跳出run_game函数，执行gameover
        break
      gf.snake_eat_foods(snake,food,settings)
      gf.update(snake,food,settings,screen,snake_speed_clock)
    gf.gameover(screen)        #游戏结束
if __name__=='__main__':
  main_game()

程序效果如下：

总结

1、通过上述的代码，功能基本实现

2、多彩版的蛇的色彩太鲜艳，看起来太难受了

3、多彩版的在运行中存在不稳定情况，具体原因还没查看，请大家帮忙指出代码中的问题。

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