在Python中实现替换字符串中的子串的示例
假如有个任务: 给定一个字符串,通过查询字典,来替换给定字符中的变量。如果使用通常的方法:
>>> "This is a %(var)s" % {"var":"dog"} 'This is a dog' >>>
其实可以使用string.Template类来实现上面的替换
>>> from string import Template >>> words = Template("This is $var") >>> print(words.substitute({"var": "dog"})) # 通过字典的方式来传参 This is dog >>> print(words.substitute(var="dog")) # 通过关键字方式来传参 This is dog >>>
在创建Template实例时,在字符串格式中,可以使用两个美元符来代替$,还可以用${}将 变量扩起来,这样的话,变量后面还可以接其他字符或数字,这个使用方式很像Shell或者Perl里面的语言。下面以letter模板来示例一下:
>>> from string import Template >>> letter = """Dear $customer, ... I hope you are having a great time! ... If you do not find Room $room to your satisfaction, let us know. ... Please accept this $$5 coupon. ... Sincerely, ... $manager, ... ${name}Inn""" >>> template = Template(letter) >>> letter_dict = {"name": "Sleepy", "customer": "Fred Smith", "manager": "Tom Smith", "room": 308} >>> print(template.substitute(letter_dict)) Dear Fred Smith, I hope you are having a great time! If you do not find Room 308 to your satisfaction, let us know. Please accept this $5 coupon. Sincerely, Tom Smith, SleepyInn >>>
有时候,为了给substitute准备一个字典做参数,最简单的方法是设定一些本地变量,然后将这些变量交给local()(此函数创建一个字典,字典中的key就是本地变量,本地变量的值通过key来访问)。
>>> locals() # 刚进入时,没有其他变量 {'__builtins__': <module '__builtin__' (built-in)>, '__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, '__package__': None} >>> name = "Alice" # 创建本地变量name >>> age = 18 # 创建本地变量age >>> locals() # 再执行locals()函数就可以看到name, age的键值队 {'name': 'Alice', '__builtins__': <module '__builtin__' (built-in)>, 'age': 18, '__package__': None, '__name__': '__mai __', '__doc__': None} >>> locals()["name"] # 通过键name来获取值 'Alice' >>> locals()["age"] # 通过键age来获取值 18 >>>
有了上面的例子打底来看一个示例:
>>> from string import Template >>> msg = Template("The square of $number is $square") >>> for number in range(10): ... square = number * number ... print msg.substitute(locals()) ... The square of 0 is 0 The square of 1 is 1 The square of 2 is 4 The square of 3 is 9
另外一种方法是使用关键字参数语法而非字典,直接将值传递给substitute。
>>> from string import Template >>> msg = Template("The square of $number is $square") >>> for i in range(4): ... print msg.substitute(number=i, square=i*i) ... The square of 0 is 0 The square of 1 is 1 The square of 2 is 4 The square of 3 is 9 >>>
甚至可以同时传递字典和关键字
>>> from string import Template >>> msg = Template("The square of $number is $square") >>> for number in range(4): ... print msg.substitute(locals(), square=number*number) ... The square of 0 is 0 The square of 1 is 1 The square of 2 is 4 The square of 3 is 9 >>>
为了防止字典的条目和关键字参数显示传递的值发生冲突,关键字参数优先,比如:
>>> from string import Template >>> msg = Template("It is $adj $msg") >>> adj = "interesting" >>> print(msg.substitute(locals(), msg="message")) It is interesting message
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