详解Python对JSON中的特殊类型进行Encoder

Python 处理 JSON 数据时，dumps 函数是经常用到的，当 JSON 数据中有特殊类型时，往往是比较头疼的，因为经常会报这样一个错误。

自定义编码类

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
# Author: wxnacy(wxnacy@gmail.com)

import json
from datetime import datetime

USER_DATA = dict(
  id = 1, name = 'wxnacy', ts = datetime.now()
)
print(json.dumps(USER_DATA))

Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "/Users/wxnacy/PycharmProjects/study/python/office_module/json_demo/dumps.py", line 74, in <module>
  dumps_encoder()
 File "/Users/wxnacy/PycharmProjects/study/python/office_module/json_demo/dumps.py", line 68, in dumps_encoder
  print(json.dumps(USER_DATA))
 File "/Users/wxnacy/.pyenv/versions/3.6.0/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/json/__init__.py", line 231, in dumps
  return _default_encoder.encode(obj)
 File "/Users/wxnacy/.pyenv/versions/3.6.0/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/json/encoder.py", line 199, in encode
  chunks = self.iterencode(o, _one_shot=True)
 File "/Users/wxnacy/.pyenv/versions/3.6.0/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/json/encoder.py", line 257, in iterencode
  return _iterencode(o, 0)
 File "/Users/wxnacy/.pyenv/versions/3.6.0/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/json/encoder.py", line 180, in default
  o.__class__.__name__)
TypeError: Object of type 'datetime' is not JSON serializable

原因在于 dumps 函数不知道如何处理 datetime 对象，默认情况下 json 模块使用 json.JSONEncoder 类来进行编码，此时我们需要自定义一下编码类。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
# Author: wxnacy(wxnacy@gmail.com)

class CustomEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
  def default(self, x):
    if isinstance(x, datetime):
      return int(x.timestamp())
    return super().default(self, x)

定义编码类 CustomEncoder 并重写实例的 default 函数，对特殊类型进行处理，其余类型继续使用父类的解析。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
# Author: wxnacy(wxnacy@gmail.com)

import json
from datetime import datetime

class CustomEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
  def default(self, x):
    if isinstance(x, datetime):
      return int(x.timestamp())
    return super().default(self, x)

USER_DATA = dict(
  id = 1, name = 'wxnacy', ts = datetime.now()
)
print(json.dumps(USER_DATA, cls=CustomEncoder))
# {"id": 1, "name": "wxnacy", "ts": 1562938926}

最后整合起来，将类使用 cls 参数传入 dumps 函数即可。

使用 CustomEncoder 实例的 encode 函数可以对对象进行转码

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
# Author: wxnacy(wxnacy@gmail.com)
print(CustomEncoder().encode(datetime.now()))
# 1562939035

在父类源码中，所有的编码逻辑都在 encode 函数中， default 只负责抛出 TypeError 异常，这就是文章开始报错的出处。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
# Author: wxnacy(wxnacy@gmail.com)

def default(self, o):
  """Implement this method in a subclass such that it returns
  a serializable object for ``o``, or calls the base implementation
  (to raise a ``TypeError``).

  For example, to support arbitrary iterators, you could
  implement default like this::

    def default(self, o):
      try:
        iterable = iter(o)
      except TypeError:
        pass
      else:
        return list(iterable)
      # Let the base class default method raise the TypeError
      return JSONEncoder.default(self, o)

  """
  raise TypeError(f'Object of type {o.__class__.__name__} '
          f'is not JSON serializable')

def encode(self, o):
  """Return a JSON string representation of a Python data structure.

  >>> from json.encoder import JSONEncoder
  >>> JSONEncoder().encode({"foo": ["bar", "baz"]})
  '{"foo": ["bar", "baz"]}'

  """
  # This is for extremely simple cases and benchmarks.
  if isinstance(o, str):
    if self.ensure_ascii:
      return encode_basestring_ascii(o)
    else:
      return encode_basestring(o)
  # This doesn't pass the iterator directly to ''.join() because the
  # exceptions aren't as detailed. The list call should be roughly
  # equivalent to the PySequence_Fast that ''.join() would do.
  chunks = self.iterencode(o, _one_shot=True)
  if not isinstance(chunks, (list, tuple)):
    chunks = list(chunks)
  return ''.join(chunks)

单分派装饰器处理对象

CustomEncoder 如果处理的对象种类很多的话，需要写多个 if elif else 来区分，这样并不是不行，但是不够优雅，不够 pythonic

根据对象的类型不同，而做出不同的处理。刚好有个装饰器可以做到这点，它就是单分派函数 functools.singledispatch

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
# Author: wxnacy(wxnacy@gmail.com)

from datetime import datetime
from datetime import date
from functools import singledispatch

class CustomEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
  def default(self, x):
    try:
      return encode(x)
    except TypeError:
      return super().default(self, x)

@singledispatch       # 1
def encode(x):
  raise TypeError('Unencode type')

@encode.register(datetime) # 2
def _(x):
  return int(x.timestamp())

@encode.register(date)
def _(x):
  return x.isoformat()

print(json.dumps(dict(dt = datetime.now(), d = date.today()), cls=CustomEncoder))
# {"dt": 1562940781, "d": "2019-07-12"}

1 使用 @singledispatch 装饰 encode 函数，是他处理默认类型。同时给他添加一个装饰器构造函数变量。
2 `@encode.register () 是一个装饰器构造函数，接收需要处理的对象类型作为参数。用它装饰的函数不需要名字， _` 代替即可。

最后提一点， json 也可以在命令行中使用

$ echo '{"json": "obj"}' | python -m json.tool
{
  "json": "obj"
}

参考链接

json

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