详解Android类加载ClassLoader
基本知识
Java的类加载设计了一套双亲代理的模式,使得用户没法替换系统的核心类,从而让应用更安全。所谓双亲代理就是指,当加载类的时候首先去Bootstrap中加载类,如果没有则去Extension中加载,如果再没有才去AppClassLoader中去加载。从而实现安全和稳定。
Java ClassLoader
BootstrapClassLoader
引导类加载器 ,用来加载Java的核心库。通过底层代码来实现的,基本上只要parent为null,那就表示引导类加载器。
比如:charsets.jar、deploy.jar、javaws.jar、jce.jar、jfr.jar、jfxswt.jar、jsse.jar、management-agent.jar、plugin.jar、resources.jar、rt.jar
ExtClassLoader
拓展类加载器 ,用来加载Java的拓展的类库, ${JAVA_HOME}/jre/lib/ext/ 目录中的所有jar。
比如:cldrdata.jar、dnsns.jar、jfxrt.jar、localedata.jar、nashorn.jar、sunec.jar、sunjce_provider.jar、sunpkcs11.jar、zipfs.jar等等
AppClassLoader
系统类加载器 (不要被名字给迷惑),用来加载Java应用中的类。一般来说自己写的类都是通过这个加载的。而Java中 ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader() 返回的就是AppClassLoader。(Android中修改了ClassLoader的逻辑,返回的会是一个PathClassLoader)
自定义ClassLoader
用户如果想自定义ClassLoader的话,只需要继承自 java.lang.ClassLoader 即可。
ClassLoader中与加载类相关的方法:
- getParent() 返回该类加载器的父类加载器。
- loadClass(String name) 加载名称为 name的类,返回的结果是 java.lang.Class类的实例。
- findClass(String name) 查找名称为 name的类,返回的结果是 java.lang.Class类的实例。
- findLoadedClass(String name) 查找名称为 name的已经被加载过的类,返回的结果是 java.lang.Class类的实例。
- defineClass(String name, byte[] b, int off, int len) 把字节数组 b中的内容转换成 Java 类,返回的结果是 java.lang.Class类的实例。这个方法被声明为 final的。
也许你不太了解上面几个函数的区别,没关系,我们来看下源码是如何实现的。
//ClassLoader.java protected Class<?> loadClass(String name, boolean resolve) throws ClassNotFoundException { // First, check if the class has already been loaded Class c = findLoadedClass(name); if (c == null) { long t0 = System.nanoTime(); try { if (parent != null) { c = parent.loadClass(name, false); } else { c = findBootstrapClassOrNull(name); } } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { // ClassNotFoundException thrown if class not found // from the non-null parent class loader } if (c == null) { // If still not found, then invoke findClass in order // to find the class. long t1 = System.nanoTime(); c = findClass(name); // this is the defining class loader; record the stats } } return c; }
所以优先级大概如下:
loadClass → findLoadedClass → parent.loadClass/findBootstrapClassOrNull → findClass → defineClass
Android ClassLoader
在Android中ClassLoader主要有两个直接子类,叫做 BaseDexClassLoader 和 SecureClassLoader 。而前者有两个直接子类是 PathClassLoader 和 DexClassLoader (Android O添加了 InMemoryDexClassLoader ,略)。
我们只讨论PathClassLoader和DexClassLoader
PathClassLoader
用来加载安装了的应用中的dex文件。它也是Android里面的一个最核心的ClassLoader了。相当于Java中的那个AppClassLoader。
public class PathClassLoader extends BaseDexClassLoader { /** * Creates a {@code PathClassLoader} that operates on a given list of files * and directories. This method is equivalent to calling * {@link #PathClassLoader(String, String, ClassLoader)} with a * {@code null} value for the second argument (see description there). * * @param dexPath the list of jar/apk files containing classes and * resources, delimited by {@code File.pathSeparator}, which * defaults to {@code ":"} on Android * @param parent the parent class loader */ public PathClassLoader(String dexPath, ClassLoader parent) { super(dexPath, null, null, parent); } /** * Creates a {@code PathClassLoader} that operates on two given * lists of files and directories. The entries of the first list * should be one of the following: * * <ul> * <li>JAR/ZIP/APK files, possibly containing a "classes.dex" file as * well as arbitrary resources. * <li>Raw ".dex" files (not inside a zip file). * </ul> * * The entries of the second list should be directories containing * native library files. * * @param dexPath the list of jar/apk files containing classes and * resources, delimited by {@code File.pathSeparator}, which * defaults to {@code ":"} on Android * @param librarySearchPath the list of directories containing native * libraries, delimited by {@code File.pathSeparator}; may be * {@code null} * @param parent the parent class loader */ public PathClassLoader(String dexPath, String librarySearchPath, ClassLoader parent) { super(dexPath, null, librarySearchPath, parent); } }
它的实例化是通过调用 ApplicationLoaders.getClassLoader
来实现的。
它是在ActivityThread启动时发送一个BIND_APPLICATION消息后在handleBindApplication中创建ContextImpl时调用LoadedApk里面的 getResources(ActivityThread mainThread)
最后回到ActivityThread中又调用LoadedApk的 getClassLoader
生成的,具体的在LoadedApk的 createOrUpdateClassLoaderLocked
。
那么问题来了,当Android加载class的时候,LoadedApk中的ClassLoader是怎么被调用到的呢?
其实Class里面,如果你不给ClassLoader的话,它默认会去拿Java虚拟机栈里面的 CallingClassLoader ,而这个就是LoadedApk里面的同一个ClassLoader。
//Class.java public static Class<?> forName(String className) throws ClassNotFoundException { return forName(className, true, VMStack.getCallingClassLoader()); }
查看VMStack的源码发现 getCallingClassLoader
其实是一个native函数,Android通过底层实现了这个。
//dalvik.system.VMStack /** * Returns the defining class loader of the caller's caller. * * @return the requested class loader, or {@code null} if this is the * bootstrap class loader. */ @FastNative native public static ClassLoader getCallingClassLoader();
底层想必最终也是拿到LoadedApk里面的ClassLoader。
DexClassLoader
它是一个可以用来加载包含dex文件的jar或者apk文件的,但是它可以用来加载非安装的apk。比如加载sdcard上面的,或者NetWork的。
public class DexClassLoader extends BaseDexClassLoader { /** * Creates a {@code DexClassLoader} that finds interpreted and native * code. Interpreted classes are found in a set of DEX files contained * in Jar or APK files. * * <p>The path lists are separated using the character specified by the * {@code path.separator} system property, which defaults to {@code :}. * * @param dexPath the list of jar/apk files containing classes and * resources, delimited by {@code File.pathSeparator}, which * defaults to {@code ":"} on Android * @param optimizedDirectory directory where optimized dex files * should be written; must not be {@code null} * @param librarySearchPath the list of directories containing native * libraries, delimited by {@code File.pathSeparator}; may be * {@code null} * @param parent the parent class loader */ public DexClassLoader(String dexPath, String optimizedDirectory, String librarySearchPath, ClassLoader parent) { super(dexPath, new File(optimizedDirectory), librarySearchPath, parent); } }
比如现在很流行的插件化/热补丁,其实都是通过DexClassLoader来实现的。具体思路是: 创建一个DexClassLoader,通过反射将前者的DexPathList跟系统的PathClassLoader中的DexPathList合并,就可以实现优先加载我们自己的新类,从而替换旧类中的逻辑了。
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