C++ 将字符串值赋给CHAR数组的实现

我就废话不多说啦，大家还是直接看代码吧~

CHAR name[50];
strcpy(name, "tagname");

补充：将char* 赋值给std::string的一些陷阱

这段时间，总是要使用char或者char* 赋值给std::string，踩了不少坑。于是写了个测试代码，如果你不想看我的代码，可以跳到下面直接看总结：

#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
  string str1;
  cout << "str1:" << str1 << " length: " << str1.length() << " size: " << str1.size() << " capacity: " << str1.capacity() << endl;

  string str2("hello");
  cout << "str2:" << str2 << " length: " << str2.length() << " size: " << str2.size() << " capacity: " << str2.capacity() << endl;

  string str3(4, 'A');
  cout << "str3:" << str3 << " length: " << str3.length() << " size: " << str3.size() << " capacity: " << str3.capacity() << endl;

  string str4(str2);
  cout << "str4:" << str4 << " length: " << str4.length() << " size: " << str4.size() << " capacity: " << str4.capacity() << endl;

  cout << "-----------------------------------------------" << endl;

  char sz1[10] = { 0 };
  sz1[0] = 'a';
  sz1[1] = 'b';
  sz1[2] = 'c';
  char sz2[10] = { 0 };
  sz2[0] = 'a';
  sz2[3] = 'b';
  sz2[4] = 'c';

  string str5(sz1);
  string str6(sz1, 2);
  string str71(sz1, 4);
  string str72(sz1, 10);
  string str73(sz1, 30);

  cout << "str5:" << str5 << " length: " << str5.length() << " size: " << str5.size() << " capacity: " << str5.capacity() << endl;
  cout << "str6:" << str6 <<" length: " << str6.length() << " size: " << str6.size() << " capacity: " << str6.capacity() << endl;
  cout << "str71:" << str71 << " length: " << str71.length() << " size: " << str71.size() << " capacity: " << str71.capacity() << endl;
  cout << "str72:" << str72 << " length: " << str72.length() << " size: " << str72.size() << " capacity: " << str72.capacity() << endl;
  cout << "str73:" << str73 << " length: " << str73.length() << " size: " << str73.size() << " capacity: " << str73.capacity() << endl;

  cout << "-----------------------------------------------" << endl;

  string str8(sz2);
  string str9(sz2, 1);
  string str10(sz2, 2);
  string str11(sz2, 4);
  string str12(sz2, 10);

  cout << "str8:" << str8 <<" length: " << str8.length() << " size: " << str8.size() << " capacity: " << str8.capacity() << endl;
  cout << "str9:" << str9 << " length: " << str9.length() << " size: " << str9.size() << " capacity: " << str9.capacity() << endl;
  cout << "str10:" << str10 << " length: " << str10.length() << " size: " << str10.size() << " capacity: " << str10.capacity() << endl;
  cout << "str11:" << str11 << " length: " << str11.length() << " size: " << str11.size() << " capacity: " << str11.capacity() << endl;
  cout << "str12:" << str12 << " length: " << str12.length() << " size: " << str12.size() << " capacity: " << str12.capacity() << endl;

  cout << "-----------------------------------------------" << endl;

  string str13 = sz1;
  string str14 = sz2;
  cout << "str13:" << str13 << " length: " << str13.length() << " size: " << str13.size() << " capacity: " << str13.capacity() << endl;
  cout << "str14:" << str14 << " length: " << str14.length() << " size: " << str14.size() << " capacity: " << str14.capacity() << endl;

  cout << "-----------------------------------------------" << endl;

  string str15;
  str15.append(sz1);
  string str16;
  str16.append(sz1, 2);
  cout << "str15:" << str15 << " length: " << str15.length() << " size: " << str15.size() << " capacity: " << str15.capacity() << endl;
  cout << "str16:" << str16 << " length: " << str16.length() << " size: " << str16.size() << " capacity: " << str16.capacity() << endl;

  cout << "-----------------------------------------------" << endl;

  string str17;
  str17.append(sz2);
  string str18;
  str18.append(sz2, 3);
  string str19;
  str19.append(sz2, 10);
  cout << "str17:" << str17 << " length: " << str17.length() << " size: " << str17.size() << " capacity: " << str17.capacity() << endl;
  cout << "str18:" << str18 << " length: " << str18.length() << " size: " << str18.size() << " capacity: " << str18.capacity() << endl;
  cout << "str19:" << str19 << " length: " << str19.length() << " size: " << str19.size() << " capacity: " << str19.capacity() << endl;

  cout << "-----------------------------------------------" << endl;

  string str20;
  str20 += sz1;
  string str21;
  str21 += sz2;
  cout << "str20:" << str20 << " length: " << str20.length() << " size: " << str20.size() << " capacity: " << str20.capacity() << endl;
  cout << "str21:" << str21 << " length: " << str21.length() << " size: " << str21.size() << " capacity: " << str21.capacity() << endl;

  cout << "-----------------------------------------------" << endl;

  string str22;
  str22.assign(sz1);
  string str23;
  str23.assign(sz1, 9);
  string str24;
  str24.assign(sz1, 15);
  cout << "str22:" << str22 << " length: " << str22.length() << " size: " << str22.size() << " capacity: " << str22.capacity() << endl;
  cout << "str23:" << str23 << " length: " << str23.length() << " size: " << str23.size() << " capacity: " << str23.capacity() << endl;
  cout << "str24:" << str24 << " length: " << str24.length() << " size: " << str24.size() << " capacity: " << str24.capacity() << endl;

  cout << "-----------------------------------------------" << endl;

  string str25;
  str25.assign(sz2);
  string str26;
  str26.assign(sz2, 4);
  string str27;
  str27.assign(sz1, 15);
  cout << "str25:" << str25 << " length: " << str25.length() << " size: " << str25.size() << " capacity: " << str25.capacity() << endl;
  cout << "str26:" << str26 << " length: " << str26.length() << " size: " << str26.size() << " capacity: " << str26.capacity() << endl;
  cout << "str27:" << str27 << " length: " << str27.length() << " size: " << str27.size() << " capacity: " << str27.capacity() << endl;

  cout << "-----------------------------------------------" << endl;

  printf("%s\n", str26.c_str());
  printf("%s\n", str26.data());

  return 0;
}

输出结果是：

现总结如下：

1. 将char*赋值给std::string如果不指定长度，则会默认以\0截断（ASCII码值为0）；如果指定的长度超过char*字符串的长度，用std::cout系列的函数输出时，会把不属于该char*之后的内存值打印出来。而对于printf系列的函数来打印std::string时遇到\0也会截断，因而不能完全显示。这点在打印或输出到日志时，这类字符串时需要特别注意。

2. 如果是单个字符和一个字符串赋值给std::string写法是有区别的 —— 对于char，数目是第一个参数，对于char* 数目是第二个参数。

例如，假定ptsr是一个字符串或者字符。如果pstr是一个字符串，那么要写成string(pstr, n)，如果pstr是一个字符，那么要写成string(n, pstr)，而此时string(pstr, n)是一个错误的写法，可能会导致你的程序产生莫名其妙的问题，因为如果pstr是一个负值，负数转换成无符号整数size_t类型，n将非常大，会导致构造字符串时length非常大导致std::string构造时抛出异常。看这两种初始化的构造函数签名：

string (const char* s, size_t n);
string(size_t n, char c);

请注意这个区别！！特别容易想当然地写错。如果pstr对应数值比较小的正数，可能不会产生异常，但其实程序状态也不是你想要的。如果是负数，程序将直接产生异常。抛出：std::length_error 。所以出现这个异常信息，你就要好好检查下你初始化std::string的长度信息了。