基于Python模拟浏览器发送http请求

1.使用 urllib2 实现

#! /usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding=utf-8 -*- 

import urllib2
url="https://www.baidu.com"
req_header = {"User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/23.0.1271.64 Safari/537.11",
"Accept":"text/html;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8",
"Accept-Charset":"ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3",
"Accept-Encoding":"gzip",
"Connection":"close",
"Referer":None #注意如果依然不能抓取的话，这里可以设置抓取网站的host
}
req_timeout = 5
req = urllib2.Request(url,None,req_header)
resp = urllib2.urlopen(req,None,req_timeout)
html = resp.read()
print(html)

2.使用 requests 模块

（1）.get请求

#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests

url = "https://www.baidu.com"
payload = {"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}
r = requests.get(url, params=payload)
print r.text

（2）.post请求

#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
url1 = "http://www.exanple.com/login"#登陆地址
url2 = "http://www.example.com/main"#需要登陆才能访问的地址
data={"user":"user","password":"pass"}
headers = { "Accept":"text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;",
      "Accept-Encoding":"gzip",
      "Accept-Language":"zh-CN,zh;q=0.8",
      "Referer":"http://www.example.com/",
      "User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/42.0.2311.90 Safari/537.36"
      }
res1 = requests.post(url1, data=data, headers=headers)
res2 = requests.get(url2, cookies=res1.cookies, headers=headers)

print res2.content#获得二进制响应内容
print res2.raw#获得原始响应内容,需要stream=True
print res2.raw.read(50)
print type(res2.text)#返回解码成unicode的内容
print res2.url
print res2.history#追踪重定向
print res2.cookies
print res2.cookies["example_cookie_name"]
print res2.headers
print res2.headers["Content-Type"]
print res2.headers.get("content-type")
print res2.json#讲返回内容编码为json
print res2.encoding#返回内容编码
print res2.status_code#返回http状态码
print res2.raise_for_status()#返回错误状态码

（3）.使用session对象的写法

#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
s = requests.Session()
url1 = "http://www.exanple.com/login"#登陆地址
url2 = "http://www.example.com/main"#需要登陆才能访问的地址
data={"user":"user","password":"pass"}
headers = { "Accept":"text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;",
      "Accept-Encoding":"gzip",
      "Accept-Language":"zh-CN,zh;q=0.8",
      "Referer":"http://www.example.com/",
      "User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/42.0.2311.90 Safari/537.36"
      }

prepped1 = requests.Request("POST", url1,
  data=data,
  headers=headers
).prepare()
s.send(prepped1)

"""
也可以这样写
res = requests.Request("POST", url1,
data=data,
headers=headers
)
prepared = s.prepare_request(res)
# do something with prepped.body
# do something with prepped.headers
s.send(prepared)
"""

prepare2 = requests.Request("POST", url2,
  headers=headers
).prepare()
res2 = s.send(prepare2)

print res2.content

"""另一种写法"""
#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
s = requests.Session()
url1 = "http://www.exanple.com/login"#登陆地址
url2 = "http://www.example.com/main"#需要登陆才能访问的页面地址
data={"user":"user","password":"pass"}
headers = { "Accept":"text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;",
      "Accept-Encoding":"gzip",
      "Accept-Language":"zh-CN,zh;q=0.8",
      "Referer":"http://www.example.com/",
      "User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/42.0.2311.90 Safari/537.36"
      }
res1 = s.post(url1, data=data)
res2 = s.post(url2)
print(resp2.content)

3.其他的一些请求方式

>>> r = requests.put("http://httpbin.org/put")
>>> r = requests.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete")
>>> r = requests.head("http://httpbin.org/get")
>>> r = requests.options(http://httpbin.org/get)

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